Piping test systems

The use of tracers enables efficient and reliable measurements of oil, gas and water flow in industrial process units and pipe line systems under production conditions thus fundamentally being non-destructive testing methods. Typical problems which can be efficiently assessed by tracer studies include ... 

The mechanical integrity section of the PSM standard ensures that the equipment, piping, relief systems, controls, and alarms are mechanically sound and operational. The requirements include (1) written procedures to maintain functioning systems, (2) training regarding preventive maintenance, (3) periodic inspections and testing based on vendor recommendations, (4) a process to correct deficiencies, and (5) a process to ensure that all equipment and spare parts are suitable. 

Hydraulic (Liquid Seal) Flame Arresters Hydraulic (liquid seal) flame arresters are most commonly used in large-pipe-diameter systems where fixed-element flame arresters are either cost-prohibitive or otherwise impractical (e.g., very corrosive gas or where the gas contains solid particles that would quickly plug a conventional arrester element). These arresters contain a liquid, usually water-based, to provide a flame barrier. Figure 23-62 shows one design. Realistic tests are needed to ensure performance, as described in EN 12874 [15]. Note that hydraulic flame arresters may fail at high flow rates, producing a sufficiently high concentration of gas bubbles to allow transmission of flame. This is distinct from the more obvious failure mode caused by failure to maintain adequate liquid level. 

ISO 1872-1 1993 Plastics - Polyethylene (PE) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 1 Designation system and basis for specifications ISO 1872-2 1997 Plastics - Polyethylene (PE) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 2 Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties ISO 1969 2004 Fibre ropes - Polyethylene - 3- and 4-strand ropes ISO 3458 1976 Assembled joints between fittings and polyethylene (PE) pressure pipes -Test of leakproofness under internal pressure ISO 3459 1976 Polyethylene (PE) pressure pipes - Joints assembled with mechanical fittings - Internal under-pressure test method and requirement ISO 3501 1976 Assembled joints between fittings and polyethylene (PE) pressure pipes -Test of resistance to pull out... 

ISO 4059 1978 Polyethylene (PE) pipes - Pressure drop in mechanical pipe-jointing systems - Method of test and requirements ISO 4427 1996 Polyethylene (PE) pipes for water supply - Specifications ISO 4437 1997 Buried polyethylene (PE) pipes for the supply of gaseous fuels - Metric series - Specifications... 

ISO 13844 2000 Plastics piping systems - Elastomeric-sealing-ring-type socket joints of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) for use with PVC-U pipes - Test method for leaktightness under negative pressure... 

No general rules-of-thumb are available for plastic tanks/containers failure criteria should be based on available test data (SINTER, 1997). FRP is used offshore for fire water lines in order to reduce weight. Wet pipe FRP systems may be effective in afire scenario because water is flowing, allowingthe heatto be carried away. If the pipe is dry, failure may rapidly occur. 

The design flowrate of the pilot-scale test system is 10 gph or 900 L/day, which is adequate for small quantity generators, or a slip stream from a higher capacity operation could be used. Once onsite testing is completed, the system may be transported to an operating facility for demonstration testing. The test system will be constructed in four modules to simplify transportation. When the modules are prepared for shipment, only Interconnected piping will need to be separated and capped. 

The techniques used in the preparation of a stable oil-in-water emulsion for pipeline transportation are illustrated by the results of a field test in which an Athabasca bitumen was emulsified and pumped through a 3-in. x 4000-ft. pipe-loop system for a total distance of approximately 500 miles. The emulsion in this case comprised 75% by weight of the 8.3 API bitumen and 25% of a synthetic brine containing 1.7% NaCl. (API gravity is defined in the Glossary.) The surfactant used was a mixture of two ethoxylated nonylphenol surfactants the first component contained an average of 40 ethylene oxide units per molecule, and the second component contained 100 units. Approximately 1500 ppm of the surfactant mixture, based on the total... 

The testing system (Fig. 1) was a 1.2 volume pressure apparatus made of metaplex (1). The har support covered with the membrane (2) of an effective surface area of 49.2 cm was fixed in the lower part of the apparatus. To maintain the dye concentration on the level required, continuous circulation of the permeate between the feeding tank (5) and the apparatus was applied. The solution was mixed with a magnetic stirrer (3) which prevents excess concentration of dye on the membrane surface. Pressure was generated by feeding the apparatus with an inert gas (nitrogen) from a cylinder (8). Samples for flow rate measurements and determinations of dye concentration in the permeate were taken through a stub pipe (4). 

The overall arrangement of the experiment test system of gas and coal dust explosion is as follows, which includes body of pipe system, flow visualization system, data measuring system and gas distribution system. 

Another full scale study was carried out in the district heating pipe system Agesta and Farsta Cl 51. The test system comprised two pipes of diameter 0.6 m and total length of 7000 m. The investigations covered one calibration phase without additive, one phase when additive was dosed to the system, and finally one phase when the longterm effects caused by the polymer additive had been studied under 14 days. The mean velocities of flow were during the tests... 

EN 1638 Plastics piping systems - glass-reinforced thermosetting plastics (GRP) pipes -test method for the effects of cyclic internal pressure. 

ISO 4059 1978 Polyethylene (PE) pipes - Pressure drop in mechanical pipe-jointing systems - Method of test and requirements. 

Since the line cool-down model enabled us to predict cool-down times successfully for our test system, we concluded that heat transfer rates across the nitrogen film did not limit line cooling. However, we did obtain heat transfer coefficient data at several locations in the piping system. We estimated the coefficients from line wall and flowing fluid temperature data. Data from horizontal... 

Lead several approaches can be used in combination to demonstrate the success (or otherwise) or corrective actions (i) benchmark monitoring at selected houses which have lead pipe-work (see Section 3.4), (ii) lead pipe test rigs at strategic locations (see Section 10.2), and (iii) zonal surveys - random daytime samphng from consumers taps wiU provide the most representative check of variation across the water supply system. 

As described in Section 10.2, lead pipe test rigs can be installed at strategic locations within a water supply system. A typical deployment would be (i) treated water at the treatment works, before orthophosphate dosing, (ii) treated water at the treatment works, after ortho-phosphate dosing, (iii) within the near distribution system, close to the treatment works, and (iv) within the far distribution system, distant from the treatment works. 

In test systems which are difficult to access, e.g., tubes, catheters or pipes, quartz sand is commonly used to remove biofilm. Approximately one-third of the respective device is filled with quartz sand of a suitable grain size (diameter of 0.5 to several millimetres), and the remainder is filled with suspension medium. By a particular agitation method, such as rotation of the test surface, the biofilm is abrasively removed and, together with the quartz sand, transferred to a sterile container. The quartz sand is removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant is shaken to homogenise the suspended bacteria. 

Tangential bending ability of the pipe couplings The tangential bending ability of the pipe coupling system Tyton was verified according to DIN 4060 and also with a test pressure of 10 bar. 

Piping— No system leakages during test operations. 

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