Pipeline filters

Hydrate formation is possible only at temperatures less than 35°C when the pressure is less than 100 bar. Hydrates are a nuisance they are capable of plugging (partially or totally) equipment in transport systems such as pipelines, filters, and valves they can accumulate in heat exchangers and reduce heat transfer as well as increase pressure drop. Finally, if deposited in rotating machinery, they can lead to rotor imbalance generating vibration and causing failure of the machine. 

Solid-liquid Flow of liquids in pipelines/filters Settling of particles in liquid (e.g. rust and sludge)... 

The minimum delivery requirement for breathing air is 1201/min of free air per person, with a higher figure desirable. Pipelines, filters and pressure reducing valves must... 

AH corrosion inhibitors in use as of this writing are oil-soluble surfactants (qv) which consist of a hydrophobic hydrocarbon backbone and a hydrophilic functional group. Oil-soluble surfactant-type additives were first used in 1946 by the Sinclair Oil Co. (38). Most corrosion inhibitors are carboxyhc acids (qv), amines, or amine salts (39), depending on the types of water bottoms encountered in the whole distribution system. The wrong choice of inhibitors can lead to unwanted reactions. Eor instance, use of an acidic corrosion inhibitor when the water bottoms are caustic can result in the formation of insoluble salts that can plug filters in the distribution system or in customers vehicles. Because these additives form a strongly adsorbed impervious film at the metal Hquid interface, low Hquid concentrations are usually adequate. Concentrations typically range up to 5 ppm. In many situations, pipeline companies add their own corrosion inhibitors on top of that added by refiners. 

Motor-driven, multistage reciprocating compressors have reportedly been the most popular choice for aeroderivatives. Motor-driven, oil-fiooded screw compressors are also used in some cases. High horsepower, multistage centrifugal compressors, similar to those used at many pipeline compressor stations, may be required for the newer heavy-duty units if the distribution pipeline pressure is insufficient (see Pipelines). Gas turbines have more stringent fuel-gas specifications in terms of cleanliness than do gas-fired boilers. Thus oil- and water-knockout systems, coalescing filters, and fine-mesh filters are used. 

Gas turbine fuels can contain natural surfactants if the cmde fraction is high in organic acids, eg, naphthenic (cycloparaffinic) acids of 200—400 mol wt. These acids readily form salts that are water-soluble and surface-active. Older treating processes for sulfur removal can leave sulfonate residues which are even more powerful surfactants. Refineries have installed processes for surfactant removal. Clay beds to adsorb these trace materials are widely used, and salt towers to reduce water levels also remove water-soluble surfactants. In the field, clay filters designed as cartridges mounted in vertical vessels are also used extensively to remove surfactants picked up in fuel pipelines, in contaminated tankers, or in barges. 

The protection current produced by the usual full-wave rectifier has a 100-Hz alternating component of 48%. There are receivers with selective transmission filters for 100 Hz, which corresponds to the first harmonic of the cathodic protection currents [45]. With such a low-frequency test current, an inductive coupling with neighboring pipelines and cables is avoided, which leads to more exact defect location. 

Recently in some types of refuelling stations, corrosion-resistant materials have been used between the filter-water separator and the outlet pipeline and valves, usually stainless steel, rarely aluminum. If these are buried, they must have good insulating coating and be electrically separated from other tank installations by insulating couplings. 

Energy consumption for energy-using devices and systems is typically the same year after year, if heat exchanger surfaces, filters, pipelines, and other plant items are kept clean. 

Fine chemicals There are many applications of the austenitic steels in the manufacture and storage of fine chemicals and pharmaceutical products. These include storage tanks, pipelines, valves, stills, steam-jacketed pans, mixing vessels, filters and tableting machinery. Considerable use has been made of these steels in penicillin production. 

Turbo-alternators These find an application in pipeline cathodic protection systems, particularly where the liquid or gaseous product in the pipeline can be used as a fuel. The turbo-alternator is usually supplied as part of a complete and fully assembled package incorporating fuel pressure controls, filters, a.c./d.c. conversion and d.c. output controls. System capacity would typically fall within the range 200-3(XX)W. 

At the downstream end of the pipeline it is necessary to disengage the solids front the gas and this is most usually carried out in cyclone separators (See Volume 2, Chapter 8). However, there may be a carry-over of tine particles which must be eliminated before the gas is vented, and gas filters or electrostatic precipitators may be used for this purpose (See again Volume 2, Chapter 8). At the upstream end, the particles must be introduced using some form of positive feeder, such as a rotary valve or a blow tank. 

Making the right strategic trade-offs between quality and throughput when working out how to enrich or filter the forward pipeline and how... 

While the protocol described above has proven very useful in its own right, it often serves as the first step in designing custom protocols for a team. Once a user is satisfied with the results returned by the ad hoc query, the next step is often to hardwire these queries into a protocol that provides one-button access to all the pertinent data for a project. Figure 5 shows such a protocol used to retrieve data for several assays in a Neuroscience project. This protocol highlights an additional filtering option that we make use of in many of our protocols. The text box ( selected cmpds from list ) (7) supports the input of a list of identification numbers (in our case either jnjnumber or batchid ). This allows data to be retrieved on select compounds as opposed to all those tested in the assays. This feature is very popular and involves the use of Perl within the Pipeline Pilot protocol. All this work is done on the server and the results are written to a SD file that can be downloaded to the desktop. At this stage either DIVA or Accord for Excel is typically used to view the files. 

We have illustrated the capability of Pipeline Pilot to query all the data on a set of compounds from the internal database and perform simple filtering on them. Additionally, the ability of Pipeline Pilot to easily access other (several) databases (or files) besides the internal database provides us with a very powerful tool for data mining. The utility of accessing multiple databases simultaneously is discussed in the following sections. Here we give an example of how being able to access different databases, other than the in-house one, and perform sophisticated filtering on an the data is in itself a tremendous asset. 

Fig. 6. Pipeline Pilot protocol used to filter reactants useful in alkylation.

Fig. 11. Using the generic web services interface of Pipeline Pilot it is possible to generate complex input forms. In this case we use different variable types to provide a Vendor Filter protocol for selecting reactants.

At this stage several different algorithms could be applied to filter the reactant list (17,18). The simple example we use here allows one to filter reactants based on preferences for vendors. This filter is easy to implement using the Pipeline Pilot web interface (Fig. 11). Using this filter, compounds only available from vendors in the vendor reject list are removed. The remaining compounds are then sorted so that reactants from preferred vendors are listed first. 

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