American beech

Fig. 1-19. Transverse section of a tension wood fiber in American beech (Fagus grandifolia), showing the middle lamella (M), primary wall (P), the outer (S,) and middle (S. ) layers of the secondary wall, the thick gelatinous layer (G), and the lumen (L). Transmission electron micrograph. Courtesy of Dr. T. E. Timell.

Fig. 8.1 Feeding preferences by free-ranging beavers Castor canadensis) for 3 species of northeastern deciduous trees and shrubs American beech (Fagus grandifolia), quaking aspen Populus tremuloides), striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana), witch hobble (Viburnum lantanoides) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). The experiment was run over 10 days. Each morning the number of remaining sticks was counted. Only one of 10 beech sticks was taken after 10 days, while, at the other extreme, no sticks of aspen and striped maple remained after 4 and 5 days, respectively...

American beech leaves Crosse He, Michigan 17 -28.3 Meyers Lallier-Verges (1999)... 

American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh) 22 Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don Endll.) 33... 

Ostrofsky W D, Blanchard R O 1984 Variation in bark characteristics of American beech (Fagus grandifolia). Can J Bot 62 1564-1566... 

Recent research in 18 other hardwoods (and in pine) has shown the possibility to assess the vitality of other tree species of the Northern hemisphere in the same way as reported here for beech as an example. There are to take into account only little species-dependant modifications. This research has been finished now for Silver Birch, Pubescent Birch (ROLOFF 1989a, WESTMAN 1989), Norway maple. Sycamore, Sugar maple. Horse-chestnut, Black alder. Hornbeam, European Ash, American Beech, Scotch pine. Wild cherry. Sessile oak, English oak. False acacia. Common willow. Small-leaved lime and Large-leaved lime (ROLOFF 1989a). 

---