Pine tars

T arene mixed terpenes, a pine-tar product extender plasticizer aids in dispersion of fillers softens product and improves processing... 

Many other compounds are presendy in use a 1993 database search showed 27 active ingredients in 212 products registered by the U.S. EPA for human use as repellents or feeding depressants, including octyl bicycloheptene dicarboxamide (A/-2-ethylhexylbicyclo[2.2.1]-5-hepten-2,3-dicarboxamide), dipropyl isocinchomeronate (2,5-pyridine dicarboxyhc acid, dipropyl ester), dimethyl phthalate, oil of citroneUa, cedarwood oil, pyrethrins, and pine tar oil (2). Repellent—toxicant or biting depressant systems are available which are reasonably comfortable for the user and can protect completely against a number of pests for an extended period of time (2). 

Other processing aids utilized in tires are vegetable oils (fatty acids, fatty acid esters/alcohols, and metal salts of these oils), naturally occurring resins such as pine tar, hydrocarbon resins from petroleum stUlbottoms, and vulcanized vegetable oils (WOs). WOs were utilized heavily in the early 1900s, but are no longer used extensively in tires. 

The pyrolysis or carbonization of hardwoods, eg, beech, birch, or ash, in the manufacture of charcoal yields, in addition to gaseous and lighter Hquid products, a by-product tar in ca 10 wt % yield. Dry distillation of softwoods, eg, pine species, for the production of the so-called DD (destmctively distilled) turpentine yields pine tar as a by-product in about the same amount. Pine tar, also called Stockholm tar or Archangel tar, was at one time imported from the Baltic by European maritime countries for the treatment of cordage and ship hulls it was an important article of commerce from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. The small amount produced in the late twentieth century is burned as a cmde fuel. Charcoal production from hardwoods, on the other hand, has increased in the 1990s years. 

Natural rubber displays the phenomenon known as natural tack. When two clean surfaces of masticated rubber (rubber whose molecular weight has been reduced by mechanical shearing) are brought into contact the two surfaces become strongly attached to each other. This is a consequence of interpenetration of molecular ends followed by crystallisation. Amorphous rubbers such as SBR do not exhibit such tack and it is necessary to add tackifiers such as rosin derivatives and polyterpenes. Several other miscellaneous materials such as factice, pine tar, coumarone-indene resins (see Chapter 17) and bitumens (see Chapter 30) are also used as processing aids. 

Kien-ol, n. pine oil, oil of turpentine, -pech, n. pine pitch, -russ, m. pine soot (form of lampblack). -stock, m. Metal.) carcass, -teer, m. pine tar. 

Mfldelchen, n, little needle (or pin), I adel-eisenerz, n., -eisenstein, m. needle iron ore (gdthite in acicular crystals), -erz, n, needle ore (aikinite in acicular crystals), -faser, /, acicular fiber. nadelfSrmig, a. needle-shaped, acicular. Madel-holz, n. conifers (collectively), esp, pines and firs wood of conifers, soft wood, -holzer, n.pl. (Bot.) Finales, Coniferae, -holzkohle,/. soft-wood charcoal, -holzteer, m, soft-wood tar, (loosely) pine tar. -holzzellstoff, m. cellulose (or pulp) from conifers, nadelig, a. needly, acicular. 

Stabilisers are usually determined by a time-consuming extraction from the polymer, followed by an IR or UV spectrophotometric measurement on the extract. Most stabilisers are complex aromatic compounds which exhibit intense UV absorption and therefore should show luminescence in many cases. The fluorescence emission spectra of Irgafos 168 and its phosphate degradation product, recorded in hexane at an excitation wavelength of 270 nm, are not spectrally distinct. However, the fluorescence quantum yield of the phosphate greatly exceeds that of the phosphite and this difference may enable quantitation of the phosphate concentration [150]. The application of emission spectroscopy to additive analysis was illustrated for Nonox Cl (/V./V -di-/i-naphthyl-p-phcnylene-diamine) [149] with fluorescence ex/em peaks at 392/490 nm and phosphorescence ex/em at 382/516 nm. Parker and Barnes [151] have reported the use of fluorescence for the determination of V-phenyl-l-naphthylamine and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine in extracted vulcanised rubber. While pine tar and other additives in the rubber seriously interfered with the absorption spectrophotometric method this was not the case with the fluoromet-ric method. 

M. Reunamen, R. Ekman, M. Heinonen, Analysis of Finnish pine tar and tar from the wreck of frigate St. Nikolai, Holzforschung, 43, 33 39 (1989). 

A compounding ingredient which enhances the surface tack of uncured rubber compounds. Tackifiers, exemplified by pine tar are classed under softeners and processing aids . 

Many types, such as pine tar, are distillates from pine tree farming in Scandinavia. Pine tar is a dark viscous liquid used at about 3-7 phr dosage level. It does not affect hardness levels to the same extent as the equal amount of petroleum oil. From the nature of its sources it can vary in acidity and thus has tended to be replaced by cheaper more predictable alternatives which are available from the residues of petroleum distillation. Tack improvement of rubber compounds is derived from the presence of colophony resin derivatives. 

Beck et al. (1997) used GC-MS to monitor the increase in the proportion of retene in pine tars with increasing temperature, and 13C-NMR to monitor the increased aromatic signal resulting from dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reactions. These data allow approximate determinations of the production temperature of a tar from the molecular composition. Diterpenoid molecules of probable pine origin have been detected in many archaeological contexts and some detailed compositional studies have appeared (Robinson et al, 1987 Heron and Pollard, 1988 Beck et al., 1989 Reunanen et al., 1989 Beck et al, 1994). 

Beck, C.W., Stout, E.C. and Janne, P.A. (1997). The pyrotechnology of pine tar and pitch inferred from qualitative analyses by GC-MS and carbon-13 NMR spectrometry. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wood Tar and Pitch, Biskupin, Poland, ed. Brzezinski, W. and Piotrowski, W., State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw, Warsaw, pp. 181-192. 

Pine tar manufacturi ng/ Gainesville, Florida No data No data No data 3.08 mg/L Dri nkwater et al. 1986... 

Uses. In addn to its uses as an expl, Yoshin-aga(Ref 24) patented the use of 2,4,6-TNBAc, a-lone or mixed with a fatty acid, lithophone, talc pine tar as an aide in the vulcanization of rubber compds. Smith Wilkins(Ref 26) proposed the use of highly purified 2,4,6-TNBAc as a primary std in acidimetry... 

Bettanin s Explosive. A mixt of dynamite(prefer-ably with 60% NG) 76, K chlorate 18 oil of pine (tar or rosin) 6%... 

Cement, Pettman, A mixt of iron oxide, shellac, alcohol, rosin, ethyl cellulose pine tar, used to seal fuzes etc. in projectiles Ref l)Glossary of Ord(1959), 63 2)US Joint Army-Navy Specification JAN-C-99(1)... 

An ingredient added to an adhesive to reduce the concentration of base resin or binder is called a diluent. Diluents are principally used to lower the viscosity and modify the processing conditions of some adhesives. The degree of viscosity reduction caused by various diluent additions to a conventional epoxy adhesive is shown in Fig. 1.5. Diluents do not evaporate as does a solvent, but they become part of the final adhesive. Reactive diluents react with the resin base during cure, so that the final adhesive characteristics are determined by the reaction product of the binder and diluent. Nonreactive diluents do not react with the resin or curing agent and, therefore, more seriously weaken the final properties. Coal and pine tar are common nonreactive diluents. 

Certain resinous materials that act as plasticizers are well noted for increasing the tack of the formulation. Traditional tackifiers were based on naturally occurring resins such as pine tar. Today, tackifiers used in modem adhesive formulations include aliphatic and aromatic... 

Coal and pine tar are examples of common nonreactive diluents from natural substances. These are interesting nonreactive diluents because of their relatively low cost. They are often used as extenders in epoxy systems to reduce the cost. Coal tar is widely used because of its excellent compatibility with epoxy resins and relatively small sacrifice in cured properties. Nonyl phenol, furfural alcohol, and dibutyl phthalate are also common nonreactive diluents for epoxy systems. Dibutyl phthalate is also used as a plasticizer in many thermoplastics, such as polyvinyl chloride. 

The distillate of resin distillation is called tar. Pine tar is from pine resin, and wood tar is from other plant resins. Coal tar is made from coal. The use of tar in antiquity is uncertain and unlikely (2). 

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