Pine, flowering

In 1965 Seshardri et al. described the isolation of an unknown terpenoid acid B obtained from the lichens of Lobaria retigera in the western Himalayas [8]. (Note that this annotation bears no relation to the subsequent nomenclature later defined by Corey and Shibata.) Four collections had been made in the summer of 1962 from under the Rutba plants in the Valley of Flowers (12,500 feet) and on the way to Hemkund Lokpal (13,500 feet) and from underneath rocks and from pine trees in Ganghariya (10,000 feet). The samples were subjected to a series of increasingly polar extractions (petroleum ether, diethyl ether, acetone). The unknown terpenoid acid B was present in all petroleum ether extracts, except that of the sample obtained from the Valley of Flowers, in compositions ranging from 0.47 % to... 

Ume (plum bossom) dynamite derived from British Saxonite Matsu (pine tree) dynamite, a kind of blasting gelatine Ran (orchid flower), derived from Carbonite-and Kaede (maple leaf), a modification of Belgian Grisoutite. The last two were-soon withdrawn from use due to their undesirable products of explosion. The composition of the above explosives is tabulated below (Table 132) (according to Yamamoto [85]). 

Most of the pigments of flowers arise from a single polyketide precursor. Phenylalanine is converted to trans-cinnamic acid (Eq. 14-45) and then to cinnamoyl-CoA. The latter acts as the starter piece for chain elongation via malonyl-CoA (step a in the accompanying scheme). The resulting (3-polyketone derivative can cyclize in two ways. The aldol condensation (step b) leads to stilbenecar-boxylic acid and to such compounds as pinosylvin of pine trees. The Claisen condensation (step c) produces chalcones, flavonones, and flavones. These, in turn, can be converted to the yellow fla-vonol pigments and to the red, purple, and blue anthocyanidins.3 c... 

Agren, G. I., Axelsson, B., Flower-Ellis, J. G. K. et al. (1980). Annual carbon budget for a young Scots pine. In Ecological Bulletin Vol. 32. Structure and Function of Northern Coniferous Forests - An Ecosystem Study, ed. T. Persson. Stockholm Swedish Natural Science Research, pp. 307-13. 

Are there any changes in colour of leaves or needles Can there be seen signs of necrosis If so, are they irregularly distributed, which often is considered as typical for ozone injury, for example, in tobacco or pinto beans (Plate 7 and 8) Or are they concentrated on leaf margins and tips, which often is observed after the slow accumulation of chloride (Halbwachs, 1963) or fluoride (Guderian et al., 1969) Plate 9 shows typical marginal necrosis of an elm leaf, plate 10 tip necrosis of tulip leaves, whereas the flowers themselves are not injured. Acute injury by SO2 often appears as interveinal chlorosis followed by necrosis which can be seen at an elm leaf in plate 11. On the contrary, ozone injury mostly consists of small chlorotic or necrotic spots. Pine needles (plate 12) and... 

Wind-pollinated, flowering plants are called Anemophilous) their pollen is dry and powdery, flowers inconspicuous and inodorous, as in the Pines, Wheat, Walnut, Hop, etc. 

Pinacea Conifercs) or Pine Family.—Trees or shrubs with resinous juice whose wood is characterized by being composed largely of tracheids with bordered pits. Leaves entire, awl- or needle-shaped frequently fascicled, exstipulate, usually evergreen. Flowers, monoecious or rarely dioecious, achlamydeous, in cones. Staminate... 

Camphor and <7-limonene are allomones in that the trees which produce them are protected from insect attack by their presence. For instance, Arthur Birch, one of the great terpene chemists of the twentieth century, reported finding d-limonene in the latex exuded by trees of the species Araucaria bidwilli.1 2 These trees are protected from termite attack because the d-limonene they produce is an alarm pheromone for termites that live in the same area. Similarly, antifeedants could be considered to be allomones since the signal generator, the plant, receives the benefit of not being eaten. Myrcene is a kairomone, in that it is produced by the ponderosa pine and its presence attracts the females of the bark beetle, Dendroctonous brevicomis. Geraniol is found in the scent of many flowers such as the rose. Its presence attracts insects to the flower and it can be classified as a synomone since the attracted insect finds nectar and the plant obtains a pollinator. 

Terpineol, or more strictly, a-terpineol (3.38), is one of the most widespread of monocyclic monoterpenoid alcohols in nature. It is found in flowers such as narcissus and freesia herbs such as sage, marjoram, oregano and rosemary in the leaf oil of Ti-tree Melaleuca alternifolia) and in the oil expressed from the peel of lemons. Reports of the level of terpineol in oils occasionally vary considerably and one wonders how much this is due to variations in the plants and to variations in the isolation process since terpineol could be an artefact. The layman will often describe the odour of terpineol as pine disinfectant since terpineol is, in fact a major component of pine disinfectant. This product is prepared by distillation of turpentine in the presence of acid which results in opening of the ring of a-pinene (3.37) to produce a-terpineol as shown in Figure 3.19. 

Frost was not thinking of perfume when he wrote this line in his poem Stopping by woods on a snowy evening . However, his words do apply very well to the role of woody notes in a fragrance. The woods sit down under the heart of a composition and give it richness and depth. In this chapter, the term wood is used in the perfumistic rather than the botanical sense since it covers not only wood (pine) but also roots (vetiver), leaves (patchouli) and flowers (cloves and hops). 

National and State park areas are set aside to preserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects for the enjoyment of all visitors. Everything in the park is protected by law. Do not pick flowers, collect rocks, take pine cones, or touch rock formations. When hiking, stay on the marked trails. This will keep these protected areas thriving for all to enjoy. 

C9H,g02, Mr 156.22, liquid with a flower-like odor, bp. 77 °C (6.53 kPa). Isolated from the sting apparatus of wasps (Paravespula and Dolichovespula) identified as a spiroacetal. C. is also produced by bark beetles of the genera Conophthoms, Cryphalus, and Leperisinus and used by them as pheromone to deter members of the same species (Alarm pheromone) in order to prevent local overpopulations. In Conophthoms species C. has the (55,7S)-configuration, [a] -78.3° (pentane). C. has also been detected in the bark of pine trees, cork oak, and the odor of orchids see also chtdcograne, oleane. 

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