Pilot plant organic compounds

Researchers at Phillips Petroleum Company developed a commercially viable process for the synthesis of PPS involving the polymerization of /)-dich1orohenzene and a sodium sulfide source in a polar organic compound at elevated temperature and pressure. This Phillips process was patented in 1967 (18). Between 1967 and 1973, Phillips built and operated a pilot plant, estabhshed market demand, and constmcted a hiU-scale commercial plant. In 1973, the world s first PPS plant came on-stream in Phillips faciUty in Borger, Texas. 

Hydrolysis using aqueous alkaH has been found to remove ash material including pyrite. A small pilot plant for studying this process was built at the BatteUe Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio (74) and subsequentiy discontinued. Other studies have produced a variety of gases and organic compounds such as phenols, nitrogen bases, Hquid hydrocarbons, and fatty acids totaling as much as 13 wt % of the coal. The products indicate that oxidation and other reactions as weU as hydrolysis take place. 

In five pilot plants that can be used to simulate the route of anionic surfactants from the consumer via the effluent purification plant to the receiving water, possible toxic effects of residual surfactant content and breakdown products of the secondary alkanesulfonates were investigated [102]. As indicators of the effects on living organisms of the effluent in the receiving water, flora and fauna that are frequently encountered in the p-mesosaprobic zone were used as models. The embryo-larval test was also employed as an additional method for the detection of toxic compounds in the water. 

Various other radiation-induced reactions have been studied for potential use in the industry on a pilot-plant scale. Among these may be mentioned hydrocarbon cracking (i.e., production of lower-molecular-weight hydrocarbons from higher-molecular-weight material), isomerization of organic molecules, and synthesis of labeled compounds with radioactive nuclei. When organic compounds are irradiated in the pure state or in aqueous solution, dimeric... 

Another important development in the field was the discovery of the vapor-phase nitration in the 1930s by H. Hass and his students at Purdue University. It led in 1940 to the commercial production of lower molecular weight nitroalkanes [Cl to C4] at a pilot plant of the Commercial Solvents Corporation in Peoria, Illinois. In the organic nitro chemistry era of the fifties and early sixties, a great emphasis of the research was directed towards the synthesis of new compounds that would be useful as potential ingredients in explosives and propellants. 

Direct Electrochemical Processes for Organic Compounds on Production and Pilot Plant Scale... 

By using Thurman s empirical formula, it was calculated that a column of 45 L of XAD-8 would be required to completely retain these compounds. This size column would require 135 L of solvent for elution. Collecting five samples at once would require a pilot plant for distillation and extraction comparable in magnitude with the water treatment pilot plant being sampled. Therefore, a decision was made to use smaller columns at the risk of losing more soluble organic compounds. 

Materials from a solvent-refined coal pilot plant and two simulated in situ oil shale retort facilities have been characterized for trace inorganic and organic compounds. The techniques used allowed the determination of some 30 elements, the chemical and physical forms of arsenic and mercury, and a large number of organic compounds. Satisfactory balances were obtained for most trace elements except mercury in effluents from the solvent-refined coal plant and one of the oil shale retorts. Approximately 60 organic compounds were determined quantitatively in process streams from the solvent-refined coal plant, and 20 organic compounds were determined in the crude shale oil from an oil shale retort pilot plant. 

In this paper, the application of a number of sensitive and precise methods for the determination of trace elements, heavy element species, and organic compounds in materials from one oil shale research retort process and from a solvent-refined coal pilot plant operation are discussed. The methods used were chosen both for their sensitivity and their relative freedom from interferences. 

Removal of VOC contaminants from water was discussed in Ref. [107]. This particular process used sunflower oil to absorb the VOC compounds transferred from water across a gas-filled microporous membrane. However, to prevent any possibility of liquid breakthrough, a plasma-polymerized di-siloxane coating was applied on the oil side of the membrane. Report [108] presents results from a pilot trial where organic pollutants such as chlorinated organic compounds and aromatic organic compounds were removed from plant wastewaters. 

Last but not least, the success of aqueous-phase catalysis has drawn the interest of the homogeneous-catalysis community to other biphasic possibilities such as or-ganic/organic separations, fluorous phases, nonaqueous ionic liquids, supercritical solvents, amphiphilic compounds, or water-soluble, polymer-bound catalysts. As in the field of aqueous-phase catalysis, the first textbooks on these developments have been published, not to mention Job s book on Aqueous Organometallic Catalysis which followed three years after our own publication and which put the spotlight on Job s special merits as one of the pioneers in aqueous biphasic catalysis. Up to now, most of the alternatives mentioned are only in a state of intensive development (except for one industrial realization that of Swan/Chematur for hydrogenations in scC02 [2]) but other pilot plant adaptations and even technical operations may be expected in the near future. 

A catalytic MTB (methane-to-benzene) pilot plant using biogas-derived methane to produce hydrogen and aromatic compounds such as benzene and toluene as organic liquid carriers. 

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