Physical properties of ketones

Physical properties Acetone MEK Methyl n-propyl Methyl isopropyl Diethyl Cyclo- hexanone Mesityl oxide 

Solubility water in solvent (g/100 g) Hansen solubility parameters Complete 12.5 4.2 2 2.6 8 3.4 

Source data compiled from product literature of The Dow Chemical Company, Eastman Chemical Company, Exxon Chemical Company, Hoechst Celanese Chemical, Shell Chemical Company, and Union Carbide Corporation. 

Physical properties Aceto- phenone Methyl n-hexyl Ethyl n-amyl Iso- phorone Di isobutyl Isobutyl heptyl Eastman C-11 Acetonyl- acetone 

Low molar mass ketones are liquids. Ketones with more than Cn atoms are solids. Liquid ketones readily dissolve in water as they form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. Liquid ketones are used as solvents in the preparation of paint chemicals. Solubility of ketones decreases with increasing size of the molecule. Ketones, compared to aldehydes, have more pleasant odor. 

Name isobutane ethyl methyl ether dimethyl ketone isopropanol 

Name Structure Melting Point (°C) Boiling Point (°C) Density (g/mL) Solubility in Water (g/100 mL HaO) 

Arrange the following compounds, all with the general formula (C4HgO), in order of decreasing boiling point. 

Compound I is a ketone, II is a primary alcohol, III is a primary alcohol of alkene derivation and IV is an ether derivative. 

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Structure of the Carbonyl Group 817 18-3 Nomenclature of Ketones and Aldehydes 818 18-4 Physical Properties of Ketones and Aldehydes 820 18-5 Spectroscopy of Ketones and Aldehydes 822 18-6 Industrial Importance of Ketones and Aldehydes 828 18-7 Review of Syntheses of Ketones and Aldehydes 829 18-8 Synthesis of Ketones from Carboxylic Acids 833 18-9 Synthesis of Ketones and Aldehydes from Nitriles 833... 

TABLE 8.1 Physical Properties of Ketone and Ester Solvents ... 

TABLE D Selected Physical Properties of Representative Aldehydes and Ketones... 

The physical properties of some common ketones are Hsted in Table 1. Ketones are commonly separated by fractional distillation, and vapor—Hquid equihbria and vapor pressure data are readily available for common ketones. A number of other temperature dependent physical properties for acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and diethyl ketone have been pubHshed (3). 

Diethyl Ketone. Diethyl ketone [96-22-0] (3-pentanone) is isomeric with methyl / -propyl ketone (2-pentanone), which has similar solvent and physical properties. Diethyl ketone is produced by the decarboxylation of propionic acid over Mn02—alumina (165), Zr02 (166), or Zr02 or Th02 on Ti02 (167,168). Diethyl ketone can also be produced by the hydrocarbonylation of ethylene (169—171). It is used as a solvent and a reaction intermediate. 

The physical properties of finish removers vary considerably due to the diverse uses and requirements of the removers. Finish removers can be grouped by the principal ingredient of the formula, method of appHcation, method of removal, chemical base, viscosity, or hazardous classification. Except for method of apphcation, a paint remover formulation usually has one aspect of each group, by which it can be used for one or more appHcations. A Hst of the most common organic solvents used in finish removers has been compiled (3). Many are mentioned throughout this article others include ethyl lactate [97-64-3] propylene carbonate [108-32-7] furfural alcohol [98-01-1/, dimethyl formamide [68-12-2] tetrahydrofuran [109-99-9] methyl amyl ketone [110-43-0] dipropylene glycol methyl ether [34590-94-8] and Exxate 600, a trade name of Exxon Chemicals. 

Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for the oxygen—oxygen and oxygen— hydrogen bonds are 167—184 kj/mol (40.0—44.0 kcal/mol) and 375 kj/mol (89.6 kcal/mol), respectively (10,45). Heats of formation, entropies, andheat capacities of hydroperoxides have been summarized (9). Hydroperoxides exist as hydrogen-bonded dimers in nonpolar solvents and readily form hydrogen-bonded associations with ethers, alcohols, amines, ketones, sulfoxides, and carboxyhc acids (46). Other physical properties of hydroperoxides have been reported (46). 

Physical properties of isopropyl alcohol are characteristic of polar compounds because of the presence of the polar hydroxyl, —OH, group. Isopropyl alcohol is completely miscible ia water and readily soluble ia a number of common organic solvents such as acids, esters, and ketones. It has solubiUty properties similar to those of ethyl alcohol (qv). There is a competition between these two products for many solvent appHcations. Isopropyl alcohol has a slight, pleasant odor resembling a mixture of ethyl alcohol and acetone, but unlike ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol has a bitter, unpotable taste. 

This chapter is devoted mostly to the discussion of the structure and physical properties of the enamines with a tertiary nitrogen atom, the emphasis being on enamines of cyclic ketones. 

Poly(arylene ether ketone) and poly(arylene ether sulfone) were also tried to be incorporated into the hybrids with silica gel by means of the sol-gel procedure [19, 20], For example, triethoxysilyl-terminated organic polymer was subjected to co-hydrolysis with tetraethoxysilane. A systematic change in mechanical and physical properties of the hybrid glass has been found with the content of organic polymer and the annealing temperatures. 

Cyclic enone, 12 185 Cyclic ethers, 10 567, 569 12 663 polymerization, 14 271 Cyclic fatigue, in ceramics, 5 633-634 Cyclic gas generators, 6 786-787, 789, 827 Cyclic halides, 19 56 Cyclic hexakis(thio-l,4-phenylene), melt polymerization of, 23 705 Cyclic hydrocarbons, 13 687 Cyclic hydroxyalkyl alkyl peroxide, 18 454 Cyclic ion exchange operation, 14 408-413 Cyclic ketones, 12 176, 177 14 590-592. See also Cyclic 1,2-diketones physical properties of, 14 591t hydroxyalkyl hydroperoxides from, 18 450... 

The physical properties of aldehydes and ketones are described as follows. 

Examining the structure and physical properties of aldehydes and ketones Finding out how aldehydes and ketones are formed Mastering the reactions of aldehydes and ketones Reviewing their spectroscopy... 

Hydroperoxides exist as hyclrogen-bonded dimers in nonpolar solvents and readily form hydrogen-bonded associations with ethers, alcohols, amines, ketones, sulfoxides, and carboxylic acids. Other physical properties of hydroperoxides have been reported in the literature. 

The polarity of the carbonyl group is manifest in the physical properties of carbonyl compounds. Boiling points for the lower members of a series of aldehydes and ketones are 50-80° higher than for hydrocarbons of the same molecular weight this may be seen by comparing the data of Table 16-2 (physical... 

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