Physical properties ketones

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES water-white to pale yellow liquid weak, peppermint-like odor a mixture of cyclic ketones physical properties, miscibility, and tolerance for non-solvent and solvent action most closely resembles that of cyclohexanone soluble in alcohol and ether not soluble in water MP (-14 C, 7 F) BP (165 C, 329T) DN (0.9250 g/mL liquid at 20 C) LSG (0.93) VD (3.86) REL DN vapor/air mixture (1.004 at 20°C) VP (1 mmHg at 20 C). 

Physical properties. Above members all colourless. Acetone, CH3COCH3, b.p. 56 soluble in water, characteristic odour. Ethyl methyl ketone, b.p. 80°, and diethyl ketone, b.p. 102 , are moderately and sparingly soluble in water respectively. Acetophenone,C6H5COCH3, m.p. 20, sparingly soluble, and benzophenone, m.p.48 ,... 

The production of both an alcohol and the sodium salt of an acid might easily be confused with the hydrolysis products of an ester (in the above instance benzyl benzoate). Such an error would soon be discovered (e.g., by reference to the b.p. and other physical properties), but it would lead to an unnecessary expenditure of time and energy. The above example, however, emphasises the importance of conducting the class reactions of neutral oxygen-containing compounds in the proper order, viz., (1) aldehydes and ketones, (2) esters and anhydrides, (3) alcohols, and (4) ethers. 

TABLE D Selected Physical Properties of Representative Aldehydes and Ketones... 

The physical properties of some common ketones are Hsted in Table 1. Ketones are commonly separated by fractional distillation, and vapor—Hquid equihbria and vapor pressure data are readily available for common ketones. A number of other temperature dependent physical properties for acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and diethyl ketone have been pubHshed (3). 

Diisobutyl Ketone. Diisobutyl ketone (DIBK) (2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone) is a colorless stable Hquid with a peppermint odor. Some physical properties are Hsted in Table 1. 

Diethyl Ketone. Diethyl ketone [96-22-0] (3-pentanone) is isomeric with methyl / -propyl ketone (2-pentanone), which has similar solvent and physical properties. Diethyl ketone is produced by the decarboxylation of propionic acid over Mn02—alumina (165), Zr02 (166), or Zr02 or Th02 on Ti02 (167,168). Diethyl ketone can also be produced by the hydrocarbonylation of ethylene (169—171). It is used as a solvent and a reaction intermediate. 

Isophorone. Isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-l-one) is a cycHc a,P-unsaturated ketone derived from the trimeri2ation of acetone. It has a light yellow color and a disagreeable camphoraceous odor. It has the tendency to discolor and form residues on prolonged storage. Isophorone is completely miscible with organic solvents, and other physical properties are Hsted ia Table 1. 

Penta.nedione, 2,4-Pentanedione [123-54-6] (acetylacetone) is the lowest member of the aUphatic 1,3-diketones and is a colorless Hquid with a mild ketone-like odor. It is completely miscible with organic solvents other physical properties ate shown in Table 1. 

CycloaHphatic ketones ate colorless Hquids with boiling points that increase regularly with increasing molecular weight. Virtually all members of the series exhibit a characteristic odor depending on the ring size (337). Physical properties are given in Table 15. 

The physical properties of finish removers vary considerably due to the diverse uses and requirements of the removers. Finish removers can be grouped by the principal ingredient of the formula, method of appHcation, method of removal, chemical base, viscosity, or hazardous classification. Except for method of apphcation, a paint remover formulation usually has one aspect of each group, by which it can be used for one or more appHcations. A Hst of the most common organic solvents used in finish removers has been compiled (3). Many are mentioned throughout this article others include ethyl lactate [97-64-3] propylene carbonate [108-32-7] furfural alcohol [98-01-1/, dimethyl formamide [68-12-2] tetrahydrofuran [109-99-9] methyl amyl ketone [110-43-0] dipropylene glycol methyl ether [34590-94-8] and Exxate 600, a trade name of Exxon Chemicals. 

Bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for the oxygen—oxygen and oxygen— hydrogen bonds are 167—184 kj/mol (40.0—44.0 kcal/mol) and 375 kj/mol (89.6 kcal/mol), respectively (10,45). Heats of formation, entropies, andheat capacities of hydroperoxides have been summarized (9). Hydroperoxides exist as hydrogen-bonded dimers in nonpolar solvents and readily form hydrogen-bonded associations with ethers, alcohols, amines, ketones, sulfoxides, and carboxyhc acids (46). Other physical properties of hydroperoxides have been reported (46). 

Physical properties of isopropyl alcohol are characteristic of polar compounds because of the presence of the polar hydroxyl, —OH, group. Isopropyl alcohol is completely miscible ia water and readily soluble ia a number of common organic solvents such as acids, esters, and ketones. It has solubiUty properties similar to those of ethyl alcohol (qv). There is a competition between these two products for many solvent appHcations. Isopropyl alcohol has a slight, pleasant odor resembling a mixture of ethyl alcohol and acetone, but unlike ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol has a bitter, unpotable taste. 

This chapter is devoted mostly to the discussion of the structure and physical properties of the enamines with a tertiary nitrogen atom, the emphasis being on enamines of cyclic ketones. 

Poly(arylene ether ketone) and poly(arylene ether sulfone) were also tried to be incorporated into the hybrids with silica gel by means of the sol-gel procedure [19, 20], For example, triethoxysilyl-terminated organic polymer was subjected to co-hydrolysis with tetraethoxysilane. A systematic change in mechanical and physical properties of the hybrid glass has been found with the content of organic polymer and the annealing temperatures. 

Noell et al. reported the preparation of silica-poly(ether ether ketone) hybrid materials with improved physical properties.155 An amine-end-capped poly(ether ether ketone) was used to react with isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The triethylsilane-end-capped poly (ether ether ketone) was mixed with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in THF. Quantitative amounts of water were introduced into die system, and the mixture was reduxed at 80°C. The entire reaction mixture was allowed to further react in Tedon molds. Tough transparent materials were obtained by diis approach. 

The domino process probably involves the chiral enamine intermediate 2-817 formed by reaction of ketone 2-813 with 2-815. With regard to the subsequent cy-doaddition step of 2-817 with the Knoevenagel condensation product 2-816, it is interesting to note that only a normal Diels-Alder process operates with the 1,3-bu-tadiene moiety in 2-817 and not a hetero-Diels-Alder reaction with the 1-oxa-l,3-butadiene moiety in 2-816. The formed spirocydic ketones 2-818/2-819 can be used in natural products synthesis and in medidnal chemistry [410]. They have also been used in the preparation of exotic amino adds these were used to modify the physical properties and biological activities of peptides, peptidomimetics, and proteins... 

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