Physical Properties and Test Methods

Viscosity, pH and color strength are the main properties that relate to press performance and print quality. Viscosity is critical for satisfactory ink transfer or print-ability. A gravure ink has slightly lower viscosity than a flexo ink. The pH is controlled since it effects viscosity, viscosity stability and compatibihty with other components. The viscosity changes with change in pH, but is readily adjusted by adding amine or water. 

Color accuracy (ink color strength) is important for achieving satisfactory print color and to maximize profitability. The color strength of a pigment dispersion intermediate is carefully controlled to narrow tolerances. Therefore, color adjustments in the ink manufacturing step are minimized. 

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Bayer Lustran 31-2060, physical properties and test methods, l 440t Bayer process, 2 348 11 624, 635 ... 

SAN Physical Properties and Test Methods, san resins possess many physical properties desired for thermoplastic applications. They are characteristically hard, rigid, and dimensionally stable with load-bearing capabilities. They are also transparent, have high heat distortion temperatures, possess excellent gloss and chemical resistance, and adapt easily to conventional thermoplastic fabrication techniques (232). 

Foam Properties and Testing Methods. In general, most physical properties of foams, both flexible and rigid, are proportional to the foam density. Therefore, at all times, the first physical property to be determined is foam density. Foam density can be calculated fi om the following equation ... 

For physical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, ASTM test methods are employed (28). Flammability ratings are often based on Underwriters Laboratories (UL) standards (29). UL flammabiUty ratings given ia this article are aot iateaded to reflect the hazards preseated by the resias uader use coaditioas. Typical properties are givea ia Table 3. More details and additional properties are given ia Refereaces 5 and 31—33. 

The available range of plastics is very wide with a variety of compositions and related properties within any one type description. Even when physical properties and formulation are specified, minor variations in trace additives, release agents, moulding cycles, etc. may have a considerable influence on corrosivity. Table 18.18 can therefore be considered only as a guide and even in this sense much more experimentation is needed to provide the full picture. In the present state of technology precise information is only likely to result from tests carried out on the material of interest various suitable test methods have been described in the literature ... 

Edwards and Lawrence (1993) have presented a list of sixteen chemical and physical properties and process parameters which are available at the process route selection stage (Table 5). Seven of these sixteen parameters were included to their index method (PUS). The selected parameters concentrate very much on the chemical process route and chemistry. They have also tested their selection by an expert judgement, which gave support to their work (Edwards et al., 1996). 

B. Data on physical and chemical properties, specifications, testing methods, etc. 

The final product specifications must contain a specific identity test. The full set of physical properties and physical constants that are characteristic of the substance must be measured and their appropriate values documented. And, very importantly, the purity of the final product must be demonstrated by a suitable chromatographic method. That chromatographic method must be able to measure the presence of impurities at concentrations of hundreds of a percent in order to be appropriate or acceptable for this purpose. Impurities present in the final product must be characterized. Those impurities which occur in final product at greater than 0.1% must be identified and tested for their biological properties, including toxicity, mutagenecity, etc. Ordinarily, impurities present in concentrations of 0.01 to 0.1% can be recorded as unidentified impurities, and impurities which occur at concentrations less than 0.01% are ordinarily just noted. 

The aim of this book is to present an up to date account of procedures for testing rubber materials. It intends to be comprehensive in covering the complete range of physical properties and all of the tests in common, and sometimes not so common, use. Inevitably the bulk of methods are the standard ones, often somewhat arbitrary and primarily intended for quality assurance purposes, but in each case the requirements for testing to predict performance and for obtaining meaningful design data are considered. 

Distinction should be made at this time between diastereoisomers and enantiomers. The former are characterized by the presence of at least two closely associated asymmetric centers in the molecular structure, either of which can epimerize. Altogether then there are two pairs of enantiomers for a total of four stereochemically unique individuals. Diastereoisomers have different physical properties and as a result discriminations, and even separations, can be done relatively easily. Enantiomers on the other hand differ in only one physical property, i.e. the direction of rotation of polarized light. Reaction of an enantiomeric racemic mixture with a third chiral species will produce a mixture of diastereomers therefore facilitating their identification or their separation. Early examples of this were the separations done by fractional crystallization of salts produced by a derivatization reaction with, for example, the alkaloid (-)-brucine. Fractional crystallization would never seem to be an effective analytical method yet it was used with some success in a forensic sciences context to confirm the presence of (L)-cocaine by a carefully contrived microcrystalline test. The physical properties... 

The strength properties more often specified for plastics materials are (1) tensile strength and elongation, (2) flexural strength, (3) Izod and Gardner impact, and (4) heat deflection temperature under load. Our purpose here is not to describe each test in detail but to point out some of the known effects that colorants and other formulation ingredients can have on these properties. Table 22.1 lists the ISO and ASTM test methods for most of the physical properties, and ref. 1 (pp. 7-112) describes each of the methods in detail. Table 22.2 lists typical values of the above cite four properties for selected thermoplastics. 

Most medical devices require sterilization before packaging and use. The most common methods for doing this include -irradiation, exposure to ethylene oxide (EtO) gas or electron beam (E-beam). Contact with radiation, ethylene oxide or electron beam can affect not only the microorganisms of concern, but also potentially the medical device or package. The physical properties were tested after irradiation to define any deleterious effect... 

In the United States most of the analytical and test methods are described by the AOCS. These well-established test procedures have afforded an adequate quality assessment of raw materials or end products or both. Selected anal5d ical methods adopted by AOCS for identification of the type, determination of the composition, detection of additives, physical properties, and stability of fats and oils, are summarized below. These methods are subject to the use of prescribed equipment and techniques of sampling and testing as specified by the AOCS [6]. 

This practice describes the basic test procedures for determination of physical properties and reporting of data necessary to evaluate high-density rigid cellular thermosets. Eleven ASTM test methods are referred to. 

Traditionally, lubricant property (performance) test methods were used to determine in-service fluid condition. A variety of industrial organizations have standardized a number of physical test methods for this purpose. Utilizing lubricant property tests for condition monitoring introduces several physical and economic problems ... 

There are a number of laboratory tests used by formulators to evaluate the various aspects of liquid hand soap or shower gel products. These include the evaluation of physical properties and various performance attributes. To validate the design of the product, consumer tests are usually necessary. Barel et al. [5] present an extensive and detailed discussion of various test methods and performance evaluations for cosmetic products. Most of these test methods also apply to liquid hand soap and shower gel. 

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