Physical attack

Various explanations have been given and may not be mutually exclusive. Early theories associated damage directly with the volume expansion that occurs on freezing this could cause disruption if the water that freezes is sufficiently confined, e.g. between regions already frozen. The damage could 

Studies using low-temperature calorimetry appear to provide clear evidence of the formation of an ice front that nucleates at the surface and moves inwards (B112,8161). They also showed that the pattern of ice formation is much affected by the previous drying history. 

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The increased use of renewable hydrogen energy can reduce the vulnerability to physical attack, economic attack by OPEC sanctions or embargo, terrorist attacks (since hydrogen dissipates faster than gas or jet fuel), and many cumulative environmental problems. 

In July 2002, the National Infrastructure Protection Center (NIPC) reported that the potential for compound cyber and physical attacks, referred to as swarming attacks, is an emerging threat to the U.S. critical infrastructure. As NIPC reports, the effects of a swarming attack include slowing or complicating the response to a physical attack. 

For instance, a cyber attack that disabled the water supply or the electrical system in conjunction with a physical attack could deny emergency services the necessary resources to manage the consequences—such as controlling fires, coordinating actions, and generating light. 

Materials compatibility is the resistance of materials of system construction to chemical or physical attack by the propellants or the products of propellant combustion. In addition to destroying the integrity of the pertinent structural member, corrosion of the material by the propellant results in contamination of the propellant with the corrosion products, which in turn deteriorates the propellant s physical and chemical properties. As in storability, materials compatibility is related to usage temperatures, as well as to special materials handling, cleaning, and/or passivation techniques. Although limited materials compatibility of a... 

Closely related to biomarkers of effect are biomarkers of susceptibility, which indicate increased vulnerability of organisms to disease, physical attack (such as low temperatures), or chemical attack from other toxicants. The most obvious biomarkers of susceptibility are those associated with weakened immune systems, which may make organisms more vulnerable to cancer, infectious diseases, or parasites. 

The term "battery" derives from the older use of this word to describe physical attack or "beating" Benjamin Franklin first apphed the term to the electrical shocks that could be produced by an array of charged glass plates. In common usage, the term cell is often used in place of battery. 

However more biologically enthusiastic psychiatrists were less hesitant. Authors of another major British textbook admitted that a therapy which fails in two fifths of cases cannot very well be specific, but were still confident that hypoglycaemic treatment obviously touches the physical basis of schizophrenia more closely than all earlier modes of physical attack (Mayer-Gross, Slater, Roth 1954, p. 286). Attempts were made to explain its actions in terms of its effects on electrical circuits in the brain, an explanation that had become fashionable since the invention of the electroencephalograph (EEG), which measured brain waves, and was also applied to ECT (Fink Karliner 2007 Paterson 1963). In 1966, a German textbook emphatically stated ... 

This test is used to determine whether a membrane has been damaged by exposure to an oxidizer or by some sort of physical attack. In the Rhodamine B test, the membrane module is pressurized with a dye prior to autopsy. If the permeate turns pink, the membrane is probably damaged. Upon autopsy, damaged areas of the membrane will be stained pink. 

Physical attack or abuse/threatened with a weapon... 

As adults we can see that this rhyme was intended as a morale builder, but it is clearly a lie. Most of us do not get injured very often by sticks or stones or other physical attacks, but how often are we injured by the names people call us. By the things people say or fail to say. We identify with a wide variety of concepts and objects, and they usually have names. Then we can be psychologically injured by attacks on the names. 

Anthropologists distinguish three general classes of social control mechanisms. The first and most obvious is direct force. A group can physically attack members who are behaving deviantly and injure or kill them. In less extreme form, property or privileges can be taken away. Control rests on interfering with the satisfaction of the lowest level of needs in Maslow s hierarchy, namely survival needs and needs for the avoidance of pain and discomfort. 

Stabilization/solidification of hazardous liquids and sludges by combination of the waste with Portland cement to form a cement paste has been studied as a way to minimize environmental impact. The structure of the paste resists physical attack and the alkaUne nature of the material resists chemical attack, making the technique attractive as a disposal alternative for heavy metal sludges. 

Feldspars are common aluminosilicate minerals that are present in many different igneous rocks including granites and rhyolites [11], When exposed, these rocks are susceptible to physical and chemical attack. Water, along with the sun, plant roots, and other forces physically attack rock formations causing crevice formation and fracture [3], Water also attacks rocks chemically. Over time, anhydrous aluminosilicate compounds such as those present in igneous minerals react with water to form hydrated species [20], The classic chemical reaction for clay formation involves the decomposition of potash feldspar due to the action of water-containing dissolved C02 to form kaolinite (insoluble) and soluble ionic species (Reaction 1) [14],... 

The responses on the lES were checked to ensure that the index incidents were consistent with DSM-IV or ICD-10 conceptualizations of incidents which may lead to PTSD, and they had to be work-related. As a result, an lES group was created in which the index incidents were consistent with the noted diagnostic systems (n = 99). Index incidents which were consistent included attending major transport accidents, dealing with dead bodies/ serious injury, being physically attacked and having patients commit suicide. Incidents which were not consistent included general situational factors (e.g. bad week at work ), verbal incidents (e.g. a client verbally threatened me , my supervisor shouted at me ) or personal incidents which were unrelated to... 

In this regard, therefore, information wiU be restricted to explaining the generally accepted approach of design for durabihty based on models for carbonation and chloride penetration. In addition, a recently proposed method for quantified service life design is illustrated. Measures against chemical and physical attack of concrete have been addressed in Chapter 3. 

Chemical composition of coir fiber reported by Varma et al. [178] is given in Table 8.3. [124] had suggested the lignin content to be about 35%, most of it in the middle lamella and the primary wall as such, it is said to protect the cellulose from chemical and physical attack [139]. An estimated moisture content of 20% has also been reported [109]. Timell [172], based on extractive-free material, gives the carbohydrate content of hemp and jute products, as shown in Table 8.4. 

The term physical security refers to equipment, building and grounds design, and security practices designed to prevent physical attacks against a facility s property, personnel, or information. It does not include cyber security. Physical security is accomplished by ... 

Many terrorist researchers argue that we are facing a new type of terrorism. The perpetrators of the new terrorism act transnational, they operate in loosely organized networks, they are inspired by religion and they intend to physically attack as many people as possible, also by means of weapons of mass destruction. Their victims are not carefully selected but their targeting is indiscriminate (Laqueur, 2003 Trrcker, 2001). 

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