Phthlates

Kraton Polymers has developed a multiarm SIS (Kraton 1320X [37,46,47,50]) and SBS (Kraton KX-222C, [48,49]) for rapid UV/e-beam cure. Besides heat resistance improvements, plasticizer resistance is also improved in cured rubber-based systems. The dioctyl phthlate plasticizer common in PVC backing films is soluble in the styrenic domains of SBCs. Crosslinking of the mid-block provides cohesion even after plasticizer attack [51]. 

Allyl They have high heat and moisture resistance, good electrical performance in automotive and aerospace uses, good chemical resistance, dimensional stability, low creep (see Diallyl phthlate). 

Another extremely important military characteristic is effectiveness against many different species of insects without the development of resistant strains. Every insecticide that must be added to the military list of supplies geometrically increases the difficulties of procurement and distribution. At the present time, nineteen different insecticides and insect repellents and four different rodenticides are issued by the Army Quartermaster. These figures do not include the different formulations of insect repellents issued under the same stock number. The three basic insect repellents are dimethyl phthlate, Indalone, and Rutgers 612. These repellents are issued either alone or in various combinations, further complicating the supply situation because of the variation in efficiency of these substances against different species of mosquitoes in different parts of the world. 

The influence of Ca2+, Mg2+, CT, S042-, phosphate, silicate, phthlate, and salicylate on the oxidation of Mn(II) in the presence of y-FeOOH can be explained, at least qualitatively, in terms of the effect these ions have on the binding of Mn(II) to the y-FeOOH surface. The factors that most strongly influence Mn(II) oxidation on y-FeOOH are pH, temperature, y-FeOOH concentration, ionic strength, [Mg2+] and [Cl-]. 

Oxidation of Potassium Peroxide. Determination of Potassium Superoxide. Potassium peroxide was prepared by the addition of a tert-butyl alcohol solution of 90% hydrogen peroxide to potassium tert-butoxide in DMSO or tert-butyl alcohol. Oxygen absorption was followed in the standard manner (20). Analysis of solid precipitates for potassium superoxide followed exactly the method of Seyb and Kleinberg (23). Potassium superoxide formed in the oxidation of benzhydrol was determined in a 15-ml. aliquot of the oxidation solution. To this aliquot 10 ml. of diethyl phthlate was added to prevent freezing of the solution. The mixture was cooled to 0°C., and 10 ml. of acetic acid-diethyl phthlate (4 to 1) added over a period of 30 minutes with stirring. The volume of the evolved oxygen was measured. 

Craciani, V, Mikalsen, S.-O., Vasseur, P. Sarmer, T. (1997) Effects of peroxisome proliferators and 12-0-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate on intercellular communication and cotmexin43 in two hamster fibroblast systems. Int. J. Cancer, 73, 240-248 Curto, K.A. Thomas, J.A. (1982) Comparative effects of diethylhexyl phthlate or mono-ethylhexyl phthlate on male mouse and rat reproductive organs. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol., 62, 121-125... 

Klimisch, H.-J., Gamer, A.O., Hellwig, J., Kaufmann, W. Jackh, R. (1992) Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthlate short-term repeated toxicity study including fertility assessment. Food chem. Toxicol, 30, 915-919... 

Ritter, E.J., Scott, W.J., Jr, Randall, J.L. Ritter, J.M. (1987) Teratogenicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthlate, 2-ethylhexanol, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, and valproic acid, and potentiation by caffeine. Teratology, 35, 41-46... 

Solid acetyl peroxide is not accepted for shipping but its 25% soln in dimethyl phthlate, the commercial product which serves as an oxidizer, Is acceptable for shipment by commercial carriers (Refs 14,... 

An example of a chromatogram of the extract of a river water is shown in Fig. 4.3. The presence of //-dibutylphthalate and di-2-ethylhexylphthalate was observed. The concentrations of phthlates in the extract were 450ppb of n-dibutylphthalatc and lOOppb of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate and their concentrations in river water were 45 and lOOppb, respectively. The first peak in Fig. 4.3 is contaminant(s) inn-hexane. 

NaOH in 1 L water. Standardize as follows accurately weigh to the nearest 0.001 g approximately 1 g potassium hydrogen phthlate, KC8H504, MW = 204.3 g/mole, and dissolve it in 20 mL water. Add a few drops of phenolphthalein and titrate the potassium hydrogen phthalate with the prepared NaOH solution. The normality (N) of the NaOH solution is calculated as follows ... 

The acetonitrile will reduce tailing in the separation of the phthlates. 

Magnesium monoperoxi- H48 phthlate, hexahydrate powdered v CO.H [ IsMl -611,0... 

Processing with the styrene monomer requires that precautions have to be taken to ensure the proper removal and handling of this toxic material. Legal limits in the workplace have been set up by regulations. Other monomers used include diallyl phthlate (DAP), para-methylstyrene (PMS), vinyl acetate (VA), vinyl toluene (VT), adding paraffin wax, and styrene suppressant additive. Suppliers and fabricators continue to target in the reduction of styrene monomer quickly, effectively, and economically. A wide variation in properties can be obtained by changes in polyester formulation. 

The purpose of plasticisation is to decrease hardness and to increase flexibility and elongation. Phthlates (e.g. butyl benzyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate and butyl phthalate) are used as external plasticisers. Externally plasticised systems have a migratory tendency with ageing. In order to overcome this drawback, systems are being internally plasticised. This process involves the use of comonomers (e.g. acrylates and higher alkyl... 

Moser VC, MacPhail RC, and Gennings C (2003) Neurobehavioral evaluations of mixtures of trichloroethylene, heptachlor, and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthlate in a full-factorial design. Toxicology 188(2-3) 125-137. 

Conventional plasticizers may be used in formulated products. Phthlate esters are the preferred plasticizers. They exhibit little tendency to migrate and have good compatibility with both resins and hardeners. Addition rates are typically 5 to 20%. Chlorinated plasticizers may be used to reduce flammability, especially in conjunction with antimony trioxide. The effect of plasticizer additions is generally to degrade most physical properties, although at low additions the effect is usually small. The effect of plasticizer additions on various important properties is as follows ... 

The molecular structures for two representative phthalate esters are drawn below (1). Dimethylphthalate (DMP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (bis) represent examples of a lower-molecular-weight phthalate ester to a higher-molecular-weight ester. DMP and the higher homologs, diethyl (DEP), di-M-propyl (DPP) and di-n-butyl phthlates (DBP), are the focus of this exercise. 

The allyls, or diallyl phthalates, are produced in several variations, but the most commonly used are Diallyl phthlate (DAP) and diallyl isophthalate... 

It is shown in Table 5.2 that polymer resistance to detergents can range from poor (HDPE) to excellent (e.g., crosslinked PE, polyoxymethylene, PEEK, diallyisophthalate, diallyl phthlate, PA 6,11 and PA 6,12, PEI and fluorinated polymers). Thus, HDPE is not a serious contender for packaging detergent whereas PE provides a combination of detergent resistance and low cost. 

Plastic materials included in the thermosetting plastic category and discussed separately in the following sections of this book include alkyds, diallyl phthlate, epoxies, melamines, phenolics, polyesters, silicones, and ureas. A list of typical tradenames and suppliers of the more common plastics is given in Table IN.l. 

Phthlate Esters Panel of American Chemical Council, Arlington, Va., www.phthalates.org. 

Diallyl phthlates (DAP) and diallyl isophthlates (DAIP) are the principal thermosets in the allyl family, with DAP used predominantly. They are used for glass-preimpregnated cloth and paper that must undergo a heat, time, and pressure cycle to produce parts. Molding compounds are reinforced with fibers to improve their mechanical and physical properties. Glass fibers impart mechanical performance, acrylic fibers provide improved electrical performance, polyester fibers enhance impact resistance, and other fibers and fillers can impart different performance traits. 

Nonaqueous versus Aqueous Acid-Base Titration Potassium Acid Phthlate... 

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