Photovoltaics hybrid system

Ross, M. M. D. (2001). A simple but comprehensive lead-acid battery model for hybrid system simulation. In Proc. PV Horizon Workshop on Photovoltaic Hybrid Systems. Montreal, QC. 

The results of the Kythnos system economic analysis, presented in Table 5.2 are also of great interest for our study. According to the economic analysis, the main cost factor for such a hybrid system based on photovoltaic panels is the batteiy bank, followed by the diesel generating set and the PV array, since the lifetime of batteries is relatively limited (around 5 years), therefore the battery bank should be replaced several times during the project. Another important finding of the PV-diesel system economic analysis is high O M and fuel costs, which account for ca. 3616 /ycar. 

With respect to the economic analysis of the PV-diesel hybrid system of Rambla del Agua, it was proved that the most important cost factor (in terms of total annualised costs) was the diesel generator, mostly due to high annual diesel fuel costs, accounting for 81% of the total system s annualised costs. The photovoltaic... 

Natural Resources Canada, 1998. RETScreen database, URL http //www.retscreen.net Strauss P and Engler A, (2003). AC coupled PV hybrid systems and micro-grids - state of the art and future trends. Proceedings 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, Osaka Japan... 

The assumed conditions used in evaluating characteristics of the systems are summarized in Table 2. The total areas of the solar collectors and photovoltaic arrays are assumed to be 10 ha. In the solar thermal and hybrid systems, the type of collector is parabolic trough, the condenser outlet pressure 0.1 kg/cm a, and the capacity (maximum net power output) has been determined so as to minimize the unit cost of generated power energy. In the solar photovaltaic system, the conversion efficiency at the array is assumed to be 15 %. The tracking scheme of the solar collector and photovoltaic array is single north-south axis. 

In the case of the high construction cost, the solar thermal system is the most economical in higher solar radiation and the hybrid system is the most economical in lower solar radiation. In the case of the low construction cost, the solar photovoltaic system is estimated to be more economical than the other systems in higher solar radiation the hybrid system is still the most economical in lower solar radiation. 

Of course there are exceptions to this. For instance, if you live in Iceland, you would certainly want to explore geothermal energy as your power source. Or, if you live in an area where there is a great deal of cloud cover, wind power or hydropower might be more viable alternatives. Hybrid systems such as a combination of photovoltaics and wind (or any other combination) can be a good a choice for areas where the resources are present but limited. If you are interested in wind power, many wind turbines are suitable for a stand alone power source for hydrogen production, or as a part of a hybrid photovoltaic system. 

Hybrid systems based on these different class of materials reveal interesting electronic and optical properties and add further insight into the individual characteristics of the different components. The photovoltaic properties rely on efficient charge separation upon photoexcitation. Pristine polymers have a problem with large amounts of disorder and low mobilities, in spite of large absorption. Many of the properties of polymer systems will be examined with three different varieties of nanoparticles ... 

J. Cremer and P. Bauerle, Star-shaped perylene-oligothiophene-triphenylamine hybrid systems for photovoltaic... 

PPV precmsor (Table 1) precipitated sihca and did not gel, but the silica produced did not have a well-defined structure. However, the ability of PPV to precipitate silica and not gel can be used. The precipitate can be dried and can be powdered for suitable applications in photovoltaic devices. The precipitate, when left in a test tube, was seen to change its color from white to light blue in 3-5 days and then to bluish green in 5-7 days. The conversion of the PPV precursor to PPV within the inorganic-organic hybrid system and the optical properties of this hybrid are currently being investigated. 

Some residential wind turbines can be installed and are used to charge batteries. An interesting hybrid system that couples wind energy with solar photovoltaic provides a more continuous source of energy, since it is often windier at night and in poor weather. 

In any case, it is perceived from the above discussion that the problem of longterm chemical stability of polycrystalline semiconductor liquid junction solar cells is far from being solved. Still, as already pointed out in the early research, any practical photovoltaic and PEC device would have to be based on polycrystalline photoelectrodes. Novel approaches mostly involving specially designed PEC systems with alternative solid or gel electrolytes and, most importantly, hybrid/sensitized electrodes with properties dictated by nanophase structuring - to be discussed at the end of this chapter - promise new advances in the field. 

The goal of polymers in photovoltaic cells is to make very cheap active materials even if their efficiency is very low. So, a cheap mass-production process could lead to domestic and industrial applications. Some research dates back 20 years and today several techniques are competing, with either hybrid or all-polymer systems. Among the various methods we can quote as examples ... 

It is clear that during high wind and PV production months, H2 is used less, hence the lower re-electrifier output, and vice versa. Also, in spite of their almost identical capacities, wind turbines tend to be extremely more productive than photovoltaics this indicates that wind instalments are not only cheaper per kW, but also much more energy efficient. As a result, PV investments without further grants (such as per kWh produced) are bound to be excluded from any economic assessment of a proposed hybrid energy system, unless a multi-criteria analysis on 100% RES systems sums up concealed advantages, such as periodic lack of either solar or wind resource availability. 

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