Phosphorus safety

Properties and Essential Information for S afe Handling and Use of Phosphorus Ouychloride, Chemical Manufacturers Association Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-26, Washington, D.C., 1948. 

Chlorates are useful oxidizing agents. Potassium chlorate is used as an oxidant in fireworks and in matches. The heads of safety matches consist of a paste of potassium chlorate, antimony sulfide, and sulfur, with powdered glass to create friction when the match is struck as mentioned in Section 15.1, the striking strip contains red phosphorus, which ignites the match head. 

Maximum residue limit Mass spectrometry Tandem mass spectrometry Material safety data sheet North American Free Trade Act N-Hydroxysuccinimide Nitrogen-phosphorus detection Neomycin phosphotransferase II Optical density Office of Plant Protection and Quarantine... 

In the field of organic phosphorus compounds there is a wealth of highly toxic compounds from which to pick a potential insecticide. The ultimate choice will be based not only on toxicity to a certain group of insect species, but on volatility, stability, safety in handling and applying, and freedom from plant injury, spray-residue and translocation hazards, and long-term toxicity to man and animals. 

MRH Barium chlorate 5.06/83, calcium chlorate 5.61/77, potassium chlorate 6.07/76, sodium bromate 4.98/80, sodium chlorate 7.32/75, zinc chlorate 6.11/76 Dry finely divided mixtures of red (or white) phosphorus with chlorates, bromates or iodates of barium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium or zinc will readily explode on initiation by friction, impact or heat. Fires have been caused by accidental contact in the pocket between the red phosphorus in the friction strip on safety-match boxes and potassium chlorate tablets. Addition of a little water to a mixture of white or red phosphorus and potassium iodate causes a violent or explosive reaction. Addition of a little of a solution of phosphorus in carbon disulfide to potassium chlorate causes an explosion when the solvent evaporates. The extreme danger of mixtures of red phosphorus (or sulfur) with chlorates was recognised in the UK some 50 years ago when unlicenced preparation of such mixtures was prohibited by Orders in Council. 

Carnahan, J. C. Haaf, W. Nelson, G. Lee, G. Abolins, V. Shank, P. Investigations into the Mechanism for Phosphorus Flame Retardancv in Engineering Plastics. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Flammability and Safety, San Francisco, 1979. 

Sulfate scaling poses a special problem in oil fields of the North Sea (e.g., Todd and Yuan, 1990, 1992 Yuan et al., 1994), where formation fluids are notably rich in barium and strontium. The scale can reduce permeability in the formation, clog the wellbore and production tubing, and cause safety equipment (such as pressure release valves) to malfunction. To try to prevent scale from forming, reservoir engineers use chemical inhibitors such as phosphonate (a family of organic phosphorus compounds) in squeeze treatments, as described in the introduction to this chapter. 

One can see that for calcium, potassium, and silicon, biogeochemical turnover is within the limits of 10-30 kg/ha per year. The turnover for magnesium, phosphorus, manganese, sulfur, and aluminum is less than 10 kg/ha per year. These values are about 1 kg/ha per year for iron and sodium. These values can characterize the safety limits of exposure to the given species. 

Electric furnaces, 12 286-318 76 144, 145. See also Electric arc furnace (EAF) Fuel-fired furnaces applications for, 12 315-316 arc furnaces, 12 297-306 classification of, 12 286 economic aspects of, 12 313-314 health and safety factors related to, 12 314 induction furnaces, 12 307-313 in phosphorus manufacture, 19 8-11 resistance furnaces, 12 287-297 for secondary slags, 14 759-760 Electric furnace steelmaking processes,... 

Phosphorus flame retardants, 77 484-510 additive organic, 77 488-489 commercial, 77 487-499 economic aspects of, 11 503 in epoxy resins, 77 499-501 health, safety, and environmental factors related to, 77 501-503 interaction with other flame retardants, 77 486... 

The aim was to assess the feasibility of substitution with less hazardous flame retardants. They selected red phosphorus, ammonium polyphosphate and aluminium trihydroxide as the least environmentally problematic alternatives. Red phosphorus can technically be used in a variety of polymers to meet even the toughest fire safety standards, although it may network forall applications. ... 

This section reviews these research efforts in the past decade on developing new solvents and lithium salts for nonaqueous electrolytes of lithium ion cells, but the cosolvents or additives developed for nonflammable electrolytes, most of which are phosphorus or fluorinated molecules, are not included, since their presence is intended for improvement in safety rather than performance. They will be reviewed in section 8.5. 

Red phosphors are formed either by heating white phosphorus or by exposing white phosphorus to sunlight. It is quite different from the explosive white phosphorus. For instance, when scratched on a surface, the heads of safety matches made of red phosphorus convert back to white phosphorus and ignite due to the heat of the shght friction of the match on a rough surface. Red phosphorus is also used in fireworks, smoke bombs, and pesticides and to make phosphoric acid, electroluminescent paints, and fertilizers. 

Phosphorus pentasulfide (phosphoric sulfide, PjS,) is an insecticide. It is also an additive to oils and a component of safety matches. 

Safety Precautions. Because the phosphorus esters used In our studies exhibit varying (and sometimes unknown) degrees of acute toxicity, we recommend observing strict laboratory safety precautions when handling these materials. 

The containment of phossy water from phosphorus transfer and storage operations is an important control measure in the phosphorus-consuming sub-category B. Although displaced phossy water is normally shipped back to the phosphorus-producing facility, the usual practice in phosphorus storage tanks is to maintain a water blanket over the phosphorus for safety reasons. 

MCA, Inc. Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-16, Phosphorus, Elemental, 13pp. Washington, DC, MCA, Inc, 1947... 

Phosphorus is used in pyrotechnics, smoke bombs, incendiary shells, and safety matches. It also is used in organic syntheses, manufacture of phosphoric acid, phosphorus trichloride, phosphine, and other compounds. 

Potassium chlorate is an oxidizing agent in matches, fireworks and explosives. The head of safety matches is coated with potassium chlorate which is struck on a surface consisting of red phosphorus, antimony(lII) sulfide and an adhesive to light the fire. It also is used in laboratory preparation of oxygen. Its dilute aqueous solution is an antiseptic. 

A safety match requires for its ignition a rubbing on a "striking strip" which is covered with mixture such as consisting of red phosphorus 53, Sb sulfide 42 charcoal 5% in a binder such as NC lacquer, animal glue, dextrin, casein, plus hardener. Sb sulfide and charcoal serve as extenders to the phosphorus. 

Experience with many preparations of this acid chloride has shown that it is desirable to use, during the distillation under reduced pressure, a safety water-bottle between the receiving flask and the manometer. This avoids the passage of vapors of phosphorus oxychloride or acid chloride into the pump. 

Applications for Red Phosphorus RP is commercially used in a wide variety of industrial applications safety matches, flame retardants, phosphides and pyrotechnics. (Figure 5.4). In most applications, the red allotrope is favored over the white because of its greater stability in air and also its easier handling characteristics. RP is also not considered problematic with regard to environmental and occupational health issues. It is not soluble in water and is considered nontoxic when pure. When the content of WP is less than 0.02%, the LD50-value is >15000mg/kg (rat). 

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