Phosphorus excessive amount

Additions of antimony or phosphorus, in amounts similar to arsenic, are claimed to be also capable of preventing dezincification of a brasses. Most manufacturers use arsenic, however, and it certainly appears desirable to avoid phosphorus, since Bern has shown that this element can, in some circumstances, lead to an undesirable susceptibility to intercrystalline corrosion. The same appears to be true of excessive amounts of arsenic (over about 0-05%). 

The excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as heavy metals migrate with water fluxes and enter into surface waters. This is accompanied by eutrophication of surface water bodies. 

Diphosphine is formed by the hydrolysis of calcium phosphide 22.424,425, 428,429) gjgQ jy hydrolysis of other phosphides when these contain P—P linkages. Thus, for example, it is reported that the phosphine obtained by the hydrolysis of aluminium phosphide, which has been prepared from the elements with phosphorus in excess, is spontaneously inflammable. This is caused by the diphosphine formed at the same time. When the aluminium phosphide is prepared using stoichiometric or even excess amounts of aluminium, the formation of diphosphine is not observed on hydrolysis. The diphosphine, formed in large quantities by the hydrolysis of calcium phosphide, can be separated from the phosphine and hydrogen evolved simultaneously by cool-... 

It is also necessary to treat noncarbon-based pollutants. We mentioned nitrogen and phosphorus as possible targets for biological remediation. Nitrogen is present in wastewater streams as ammonia. Conventional methods convert the ammonia to nitrate. Under normal circumstances, the conversion is sufficient. However, excessive amounts of nitrates contribute to the eutrophication of lakes and ponds. In these cases, a second class of organism is used to convert the nitrates to nitrogen gas. 

The excess amounts ot phosphorus oxychloride and triethylamine are required to ensure that the reaction goes to completion. Using lesser amounts of these reagents leads to incomplete reactions. 

What do the ions of the following elements have in common calcium, Ca chlorine. Cl chromium, Cr cobalt, Co copper, Cu fluorine, F iodine, I iron, Fe magnesium. Mg manganese, Mn molybdenum, Mo nickel, Ni phosphorus, P potassium. K selenium, Se sodium, Na sulfur, S zinc, Zn They are all dietary minerals essential for good health, but can be harmful, even lethal, when consumed in excessive amounts. 

Enzymatic phosphorylation by phosphorylases and phosphatases produces phosphoesters such as phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. Chemical phosphorylation of proteins changes their functional properties, improving them sometimes (Yoshikawa et al., 1981 Hirotsuka et al., 1984 Huang and Kinsella, 1986 Chobert etal, 1989 Matheis, 1991). However, the properties of the phosphorylated proteins depend entirely on the degree of denaturation and substitution defined by the reaction conditions and the protein (Medina etal, 1992 Sitohy etal, 1994). Casein was phosphorylated by the commonly used methods, characterized by use of excessive amounts of phosphorus oxychloride and with important additions of concentrated inorganic bases (Matheis et al, 1983 Medina et al, 1992). Thus, obtained phosphorylated caseins were highly cross-linked and partially insoluble and difficult to characterize. Hence, there arose a need to produce monomeric over-phosphorylated caseins more suitable for use and for study of their... 

Nutrients Carbon is the major nutrient source while nitrogen and phosphorus are secondary. When discharged to the receiving water, these nutrients can lead to the growth of undesirable aquatic life. When discharged in excessive amounts on land, they can also lead to the pollution of groundwater. 

The two important oxides of phosphorus are tetraphosphorus hexaoxide, P4O6, and tetraphosphorus decaoxide, P4O10 (Figure 21.10). The oxides are obtained by burning white phosphorus in limited and excess amounts of oxygen gas, respectively ... 

Although phosphorus is not directly toxic in the forms and amounts found naturally in the environment, plants supplied with a small phosphorus excess often develop purple to rusty-brown lesions on their dark-green leaves. Growth is not impaired, when excess of phosphorus is applied in small amounts, but plants supplied with a large excess lack vigor and have short stout the leaves are dark green in color... 

Typically, phosphorus is added in various forms to a watershed (Figure 9.1). These include fertilizers, nonhazardous wastes (animal manures and biosolids), and nutrient-enriched waters. Historically, organic wastes such as animal manures were applied to agronomic crops and pastures on the basis of the nitrogen availability, which has resulted in excessive application of phosphorus. As a result, many uplands used for land application of wastes have accumulated phosphorus in excess amounts. A major portion of the phosphorus added to uplands is retained within the soil. However, as upland soils become saturated or overloaded with phosphorus, a significant portion of the stored phosphorus can be released and transported with water during runoff events. 

Phosphorus pentasulfide is dissolved in sodium hydroxide solution. An excess amount of sodium hypochlorite (laundry bleach) is added slowly to the alkaline solution of phosphorus pentasulfide. The mixture is allowed to stand for several hours. It is neutralized to pH 7 by adding dilute sulfuric or hydrochloric acids in small amounts. The neutral solution may be washed down the drain with a large volume of water. 

The residual oil of the cake or meal is highly unsaturated and may result in soft body and milk fat if consumed in excessive amounts and may also impart a disagreeable flavour to milk. The oil rapidly becomes rancid and unpalatable, and meals containing it have been implicated in cases of vitamin E deficiency. The meal has a high content of phytic acid, which makes much of its phosphorus unavailable rations containing the meal may also need extra supplementation with calcium. 

The preparation of some compounds containing the P-Cl bonds, such as 4-CH3C6H40P(0)Cl2 and [(CH3)2N]P(0)Cl2, were performed through the reaction between corresponding phenol derivatives or amine hydrochloride salts [for example para-aresol or dimethylamine hydrochloride salt for the mentioned phosphorus-chlorine compounds] with an excess amount of POCI3 and then the removal of the remaining POCb in a reduced pressure [32,47]. 

One allotropic form of an element X is a colorless crystalline solid. The reaction of X with an excess amount of oxygen produces a colorless gas. This gas dissolves in water to yield an acidic solution. Choose one of the following elements that matches X (a) sulfur, (b) phosphorus, fc) carbon, (d) boron,... 

In these conditions of unknown origin the feces contain excessive amounts of fatty acids and calcium soaps, owing to inability to absorb the normally hydrolyzed fat. Because of this there is a secondary loss of minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron, and a deficiency develops, particularly of the B group of vitamins. 

In an adequate, well-balanced diet the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is of little significance from the nutritional viewpoint, but in less-balanced diets this ratio assumes some importance. At the pH of the intestine calcium phosphate is difficultly soluble, and excessive amounts of calcium will render most of the phosphate insoluble and thus not available for absorption a high ratio of phosphate to calcium has a similar effect upon the calcium. This effect is enhanced when there is a deficiency of vitamin D, the incidence of rickets being directly related both to the actual amount ingested and to the calcium-phosphorus ratio. 

Water pollutants can also include excessive amounts of heavy metals, radioactive isotopes, faecal coliform bacteria, phosphorus, nitrogen, sodium and other useful (even necessary) elements as well as certain pathogenic bacteria and viruses (Botkin and Keller, 1998). 

Bone meal Tablets or powder made from ground sterilized bones of slaughter animals. nutritional supplemenl that provides calcium. phosphorus, and other minerals. Rich source ol calcjum. phosphorus and other minerals. The consumption ol excessive amounts may reduce Ihe absorption ol certain iiace minerals. 

ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, EXCRETION. Manganese is rather poorly absorbed, primarily in the small intestine. In the average diet about 45% of the ingested manganese is absorbed, and 55% is excreted in the feces. Absorption can be depressed when excessive amounts of calcium, phosphorus, or iron are consumed. 

Mineral supplements—The consumption of excessive amounts of certain minerals in the form of pills or tonics may lead to the deficiencies of other minerals, because there are diverse interactions between the various essential elements. For example, high intakes of iron may interfere with the absorption of copper, phosphorus, and zinc. 

The calcium and phosphorus levels in the formulas may be considerably higher than those in human milk, but they are usually somewhat lower than those in fresh or evaporated cow s milk. Newborn infants may have seizures if they are fed excessive amounts of phosphorus. Hence, the formulas are safer than either undiluted, fresh cow s milk or evaporated milk diluted with only an equal volume of water. 

Niclosamide was synthesized industrially by first chlorinating salicylic acid in chlorobenzene to yield 5-chlorosalicylic acid (I). Control of the amount of chlorine introduced is essential at this step, because an excess halogen leads to the formation of 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid in addition to (I). When (I) is heated with 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline (II) in chlorobenzene (102— 104°C) in the presence of phosphorus oxychloride, niclosamide (III) is obtained [7]. 

This procedure differs from those outlined for the bromo and chloro derivatives in that an appreciable excess of (dimethyl-amino) diflu orophosphine cannot be used because it is difficult to separate from iododifluorophosphine by fractional condensation. Typically, (dimethylamino)difluorophosphine (6.38 mmol) and hydrogen iodide (12.76 mmol) are condensed into a 500-ml. reaction bulb and allowed to warm slowly to 25°. As reaction ensues, f the white solids are discolored by formation of red phosphorus triiodide which probably results from a disproportionation 3PF2I —> 2PF3 + PI3. Thus, when the products are separated by fractional condensation through —126° (methylcyclohexane slush) to —196°, an appreciable amount of... 

---