Phosphate-containing anionic surfactants

Phosphate-bonded investments, 8 294 compressive strength, 8 289t Phosphate coatings, 76 215, 217, 218 Phosphate containing anionic surfactants, 24 146... 

Phosphate Containing Anionic Surfactants Both alkyl phosphates and alkyl ether phosphates are made by treating the fatty alcohol or alcohol ethoxylates with a phophor-ylating agent, usually phosphorous pentoxide, P40io- The reaction yields a mixture of mono- and di-esters of phosphoric acid. The ratio of the two esters is determined by the ratio of the reactants and the amount of water present in the reaction mixture. The physicochemical properties of the alkyl phosphate surfactants depend on the ratio of the esters. Phosphate surfactants are used in the metal working industry due to their anticorrosive properties. 

Monoalkyl phosphate and phosphate esters are special types of phosphorus-containing anionic surfactants that are of great industrial importance. They are used for... 

Mesoporous zirconia has been prepared using anionic surfactants containing reactive oxygens that could bind Zr2+ (224-226). Mesoporous zirconia was obtained using alkyl phosphate amphiphiles but they were not stable to template removal. 

Monoalkyl phosphate and phosphate esters are special types of phosphoms-contain-ing anionic surfactants that are of great industrial importance. They are used for flameproofing, as antistatic for textiles, for foam inhibition, as an extreme pressure (EP) lubricant additive, as a surfactant component for alkaline, and as acid cleaners and for special cosmetic preparations (5). The commercially available phosphate ester products are complex mixtures of monoester and diester, free phosphoric acid, and free nonionic. 

The resulting product is a mixture of dialkyl and monoalkyl phosphate esters. These products also contain small amounts of condensed phosphates and phosphoric acid. Neutralization of the acids with bases like alkali hydroxides, ammonia, or amines produces water-soluble anionic surfactants and emulsifiers. 

Toothpastes, powders, and tooth liquids contain calcium phosphates, alumina, abradants, and anionic surfactants. Mouthwashes usually contain alcohol, flavoring (essential oils), and sweeteners. (For mouthwash toxicity information, see section on Colognes, Perfumes, Toilet Waters.) Denture cleaners contain bicarbonates, borates, phosphates, and carbonates. (For toxicity information on borates, see section on Hair-Waving Products.) Acrylic denture material contains methacrylate. 

The formation of foam during the automatic dishwashing cycle is detrimental to the mechanical washing efficiency of the machine. To prevent foaming, LADD products often contain defoamers. The most commonly used hypochlorite-stable defoamers in LADDs are anionic surfactants such as alkyl phosphate esters and ethoxylated esters [41-43] and silicone oils [44], The structures of the first two types are shown in Figure 9.5. Also described in the patent literature is the use of aliphatic alcohols or acids as defoamers [45],... 

Ion flotation in the presence of surfactants for the treatment of rinses and separation of metal ions is of interest since the sixties [327, 328]. Here, we take only a few examples. The recovery of silver ions from highly diluted solutions is possible by forming a silver-thiourea complex in form of a colloidal precipitate (sublate) followed by sublate flotation with sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate [329]. Skiylev [330] has developed methods for the removal of non-ferrous metal salts from waste waters. Subject of the investigations were 0.01 - 0.001% solutions of ferrous metal salts. Typical anionic surfactants (alkyl sulfates, alkyl phosphates, alkyl xanthogenates of potassium) or cationic surfactants (quaternary ammonium salts) were used as collectors in ion flotation from diluted solutions. At certain pH, a sublate containing a non-ferrous metal ion was formed, followed by a sublate film formation at the surface due to the rise of the complexes with air bubbles stabilised by the surfactants. 

The use of carboxylic and dicarboxylic acids, SDS, bile salts, organic solvents, and alkylammo-nium ions was explored to study the separation of LAS homologues and positional isomers, - as well as alkylether sulfate oligomers. The MEKC separation of mixtures of the surfactant classes coconut diethanolamide, cocamido propyl betaine, and alkylbenzene sulfonate was studied in either low pH phosphate or high pH borate or dipentylamine buffers containing as surfactants deoxy-cholate or SDS, organic solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, n-propanol, and n-butanol), and anionic solvophobic agents (DOSS, fatty acids). " ... 

Different mechanisms have been suggested for the adsorption of anionic surfactants on negatively charged surfaces [21]. Multivalent cations in solution such as calcium ions can improve the adsorption of anionic surfactants when the cations adsorb on the surface and do not form insoluble metal soaps with the surfactants. Sulfonate and phosphate group containing surfactants have proven to be particularly suitable [22]. 

The ionic charge of the water-soluble end depends on the pH of the solution containing the surfactant. Both types (sulfonate and phosphate) have a water-soluble portion composed of two groups with opposite charge. Specifically, charge changes from cationic to nonionic to anionic as pH increases. An amphoteric surfactant can be represented as shown in figure D-4. 

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