Phenol-trichlorobenzene

For DNAPL vaporization to work, the soil material must be permeable enough for the vapor bubbles to rise to the top of the water table. DNAPL vaporization is not effective for some low-volatility compounds, such as dichlorobenzene, diesel fuel, naphthalene, phenol, trichlorobenzene, and trichloropropane, unless it is coupled with groundwater sparging. All information is from the vendor and has not been independently verified. 

Tetramethylene diamine and diethyl oxalate were prepol5onerized in a 50/50 phenol/trichlorobenzene mixture at 140°C. The prepolymer, after purification, was subjected to solid-phase polymerization under nitrogen at 250 300°C to form poly(tetramethylene oxalamide) or nylon-4,2 [78], The polymer exhibited rjuih as high as 2.7 dl/g as measured from a 0.5% solution of polymer in 96% sulfuric acid. Interestingly, the polymer was soluble in trifluoroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and 96% sulfuric acid, but not in 90% formic acid. It had a melt temperature of 388-392°C and heat of fusion of 148-154 J/g (35-37 cal/g). 

Older equipment not capable of heating above 210°F may require the use of dye carriers to accelerate the rate of disperse dyeing. These carriers are emulsions of organic materials, (e.g., biphenyl, ortho phenyl phenol, trichlorobenzene, methyl naphthalene, methyl cresotinate, etc). Many of the ester-type carrier materials are by-products from fiber manufacturing. These carrier materials are rarely used in modem dyeing operations, having been eliminated due to their water and air pollution potential, safety hazard, and cost. 

High-temperature aromatics - At temperatures close to its melting point PEEK will dissolve in certain aromatic esters and ketones and materials such as benzophenone, diphenylsulfone and chloronaphthalene. Parachlorophenol dissolves PEEK at modest temperatures and solutions of chlorophenol/dichlorobenzene or phenol/trichlorobenzene have been used as solvents for gel permeation chromatography (GPC). PAEK will show some susceptibility to ESC in aromatic solvents at elevated temperatures and may even be slowly eroded by slight solubility effects. 

In a 250-ml. flask attached to a Vigreux column 30 cm. in over-all length ("Note 1) a mixture of 42.8 g. (0.2 mole) of phenyl salicylate ( Salol, m.p. 42-43°), 26.7 g. (0.25 mole) of o-tolui-dine, and 60 g. of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (m.p. 15-16°), is heated at the boiling point, so that the phenol formed slowly distils. The temperature rises from 183° to 187° during the first hour, and 22-23 g. of distillate is collected. Heating is continued until the temperature rises to 202° and a total of 45-46 g. of distillate has been collected (Note 2). The flask is then removed, and to it are added 3 g. of Norite and 10 nil. of trichlorobenzene. The mixture is heated to boiling and filtered hot by suction. The... 

The most convenient and successful synthetic preparation of octa-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin has been described by Kulka (13). The procedure involves chlorination of pentachlorophenol in refluxing trichlorobenzene to give octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in 80% yield. Kulka has explained the reaction as coupling between two pentachlorophenoxy radicals. Large amounts (5—15%) of heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were observed in the unpurified product. Since the pentachlorophenol used in this study contained 0.07% tetrachlorophenol, we feel that tetrachloro-phenol may be produced in situ (Reaction 4). Such a scheme would be analogous to the formation of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 3-chlorophenol produced from 2,4,4 -trichloro-2 -hydroxydiphenyl ether (Reaction 2). The solubility of octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin was determined in various solvents data are presented in Table II. 

Hodson, P.V., R. Parisella, B. Blunt, B. Gray, and K.L.E. Kaiser. 1991. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for chronic toxicity of phenol, p-chlorophcnol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, p-nitro-phenol and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to early life stages of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Canad. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1784. 56 pp. 

Brij 58, a polyoxyethylene cetyl ether) was illuminated by a photoreactor equipped with 253.7-nm monochromatic UV lamps, 1,2,4- and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene formed as photoisomerization products. Continued irradiation of the solution would yield 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, benzene, phenol, hydrogen, and chloride ions. The photodecomposition half-life for this reaction, based on the first-order photodecomposition rate of 1.10 x 10 /sec, is 10.5 min (Chu and Jafvert, 1994). 

EINECS 203-468-6, see Ethylenediamine EINECS 203-470-7, see Allyl alcohol EINECS 203-472-8, see Chloroacetaldehyde EINECS 203-481-7, see Methyl formate EINECS 203-523-4, see 2-Methylpentane EINECS 203-528-1, see 2-Pentanone EINECS 203-544-9, see 1-Nitropropane EINECS 203-545-4, see Vinyl acetate EINECS 203-548-0, see 2,4-Dimethylpentane EINECS 203-550-1, see 4-Methyl-2-pentanone EINECS 203-558-5, see Diisopropylamine EINECS 203-560-6, see Isopropyl ether EINECS 203-561-1, see Isopropyl acetate EINECS 203-564-8, see Acetic anhydride EINECS 203-571-6, see Maleic anhydride EINECS 203-576-3, see m-Xylene EINECS 203-598-3, see Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether EINECS 203-604-4, see 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene EINECS 203-608-6, see 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene EINECS 203-620-1, see Diisobutyl ketone EINECS 203-621-7, see sec-Hexyl acetate EINECS 203-623-8, see Bromobenzene EINECS 203-624-3, see Methylcyclohexane EINECS 203-625-9, see Toluene EINECS 203-628-5, see Chlorobenzene EINECS 203-630-6, see Cyclohexanol EINECS 203-632-7, see Phenol EINECS 203-686-1, see Propyl acetate EINECS 203-692-4, see Pentane EINECS 203-694-5, see 1-Pentene EINECS 203-695-0, see cis-2-Pentene EINECS 203-699-2, see Butylamine EINECS 203-713-7, see Methyl cellosolve EINECS 203-714-2, see Methylal EINECS 203-716-3, see Diethylamine EINECS 203-721-0, see Ethyl formate EINECS 203-726-8, see Tetrahydrofuran EINECS 203-729-4, see Thiophene EINECS 203-767-1, see 2-Heptanone EINECS 203-772-9, see Methyl cellosolve acetate EINECS 203-777-6, see Hexane EINECS 203-799-6, see 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether EINECS 203-804-1, see 2-Ethoxyethanol EINECS 203-806-2, see Cyclohexane EINECS 203-807-8, see Cyclohexene EINECS 203-809-9, see Pyridine EINECS 203-815-1, see Morpholine EINECS 203-839-2, see 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate EINECS 203-870-1, see Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether EINECS 203-892-1, see Octane EINECS 203-893-7, see 1-Octene EINECS 203-905-0, see 2-Butoxyethanol EINECS 203-913-4, see Nonane EINECS 203-920-2, see Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane EINECS 203-967-9, see Dodecane EINECS 204-066-3, see 2-Methylpropene EINECS 204-112-2, see Triphenyl phosphate EINECS 204-211-0, see Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate EINECS 204-258-7, see l,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin... 

Phenol, see Aminocarb. Benzene, Bromobenzene, Carbaryl, Chlorobenzene, 2-Chlorobiphenvl. 4 Chlorobiphenvl. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Hexachlorobenzene, Hydroquinone, 4-Methylphenol, Naphthalene, Pentachlorobenzene, Toluene, 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene Phenoxazinone, see Phosalone Phenoxyacetic acid, see 2,4-D... 

Chemicals and Standard Solutions. Cyclohexanone, cyclohexanol, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, phenol, 4-methylphenol, 4-chloro-phenol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 1-chlorohexane, 1-chlorododecane, and 1-chlorooctadecane were obtained from Aldrich. Acetone, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl acetate, toluene, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methanol were obtained from J. T. Baker. Distilled-in-glass isooctane, methylene chloride, ethyl ether, and pentane were obtained from Burdick and Jackson. Analytical standard kits from Analabs provided methyl ethyl ketone, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methyl isobutyl ketone, tetrachloroethylene, dodecane, dimethylformamide, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1-octanol, nitrobenzene, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2,5-dichlorophenol. All chemicals obtained from the vendors were of the highest purity available and were used without further purification. High-purity water... 

Rinke, M., Zetzsch, C. (1984) Rate constants for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with aromatics benzene, phenol, aniline, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Ber. Bunsen-Ges. Phys. Chem. 88, 55-62. 

Monochlorobenzene is a flammable clear liquid (fp, -45"C bp, 132°C) used as a solvent, solvent carrier for methylene diisocyanate, pesticide, heat transfer fluid, and in the manufacture of aniline, nitrobenzene, and phenol. The 1,2- isomer of dichlorobenzene (ortho-dichlorobenzene) has been used as a solvent for degreasing hides and wool and as a raw material for dye manufacture. The 1,4- isomer (para-dichlorobenzene) is also used in dye manufacture and as a moth repellant and germicide. All three isomers have been used as fumigants and insecticides. The 1,2- and 1,3-(meta) isomers are liquids under ambient conditions, whereas the 1,4- isomer is a white sublimable solid. Used as a solvent, lubricant, dielectric fluid, chemical intermediate, and formerly as a termiticide, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is a liquid (fp, 17°C bp, 213°C). 

For organic phase SEC, medium-polarity solvents such as tetra-hydrofuran, toluene, chloroform and dichloromethane are used. However, more polar solvents such as dimethylformamide, N-methyl pyrrolidone or dimethylsulphoxide can be used, and for more specialised applications orthodichlorobenzene, trichlorobenzene and phenolic solvents at... 

In the case of polyhalogenated systems, a partial substitution to afford halogenated phenols can be achieved. For instance, treatment of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene with sodium hydroxide at 130 °C gives 2,5-dichlorophenol in 93% yield. ... 

In 1953, recycling efforts for these waste isomers began, and thermal decomposition of these residues led to integration of several process steps (see figure). Thermal decomposition of the HCH isomers led to a 75% yield of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, which opened the process for production of 2,5-dichlorophenol and the corresponding bro-mination product. In addition to 2,5-dichloro-4-bromo-phenol production, the recycled trichlorobenzene was converted to 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene which could then be converted to 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. 

The aqueous photochemistry of simple chlorinated benzenes has been studied by only a few authors. The sunlight extinction of chlorobenzenes is quite low (8297 for PhCl = 0.12 [Dulin et al., 1986]), and their solubilities (especially for the more highly chlorinated isomers) are also relatively low. Chlorobenzene triplets appear to react by homolysis to phenyl radicals and chlorine atoms the subsequent fate of these radicals depends on the solvent used. Dulin et al. (1986) and Boule et al. (1987) indicated that monochlorobenzene was photohydrolyzed to phenol with a quantum yield of about 0.1 to 0.5. Additional very polar products were also observed, but no benzene. These quantum yields are similar to those observed in organic solvents however, the principal fate of photolyzed chlorobenzenes in organic solvents is reduction by hydrogen donation. Dichloro- and trichlorobenzenes were similarly converted to monochloro- and dichlorophenols, respectively, in water. The quantum efficiency for trichlorobenzene photodestruction in 10% acetonitrile was about 0.03 (Choudhry and Hutzinger, 1984). 

Litz [100] assessed the ecotoxicity of 44 organic contaminants in biosolids and provided an overview of the compounds found to be of primary relevance (Table 7). Toluene, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, hexachloro-benzene, 1,1,1-trichloroethene, tetrachloroethene, DDT (incl. DDE, DDD), lindane, 2,4-dichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, Ugilec, bromophosethyl, silicones, and phenols were proposed as substances of secondary relevance. Litz [100] stated a need for additional information for the following substances clofibrin acid, chloroparaffins, EDTA, musk xylene, tris-(chloroethyl) phosphate, deca-, penta- and octabromodiphenyl ethers, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 2,4-dimethyl phenol, ethynyl estradiol, polyacrylic acid sodium salt, polyacrylamides (cationic), and DNBP (di-n-butyl phthalate). 

PCBs and PCDDs. In Diarylide Yellow manufacture, the use of formate buffer to enhance pigment transparency for offset ink was discontinued in the nineteen seventies, when it was realized that polychlorinated biphenyls were being produced as an undesirable by-product of the coupling reaction. In Phthalocyanine Blue crude synthesis, the commonly used solvent, trichlorobenzene, was also discontinued in the US, as a potential source of poly-chlorinated biphenyls. More recently, use of chloranil, manufactured from chlorinated phenols, has been discontinued in the synthesis of dioxazine violet crude and sulfonated dioxazine acid dyes, so as to minimize by-product formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs). A new grade ofhigh purity chloranil is now produced from hydroquinone for dye and pigment manufacture. 

Suitable solvents are either excess phenol or an inert aromatic solvent. Preferred solvents are those in which the 2,4 -isomer is more highly soluble than the bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-sulfone, such as chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and trichlorobenzene. 

Solvents Very low or no solubility in ordinary solvents concentrated sulfuric acid will dissolve and sulfonate PEEK at high temperatures, dilute solutions Ccm be obtciined in hydrofluoric acid, trifluoromethcmesuHonic acid, dichlorotetrafluoroacetone monohydrate, phenol-1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and benzophenone... 

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