Phase solid state

H. Schafer, Semimetal clustering in intermatallic phases../. Solid State Chem. 57 (1985) 97. 

Here, the term no-solvent means the absence of a traditional solvent—the reactants are neat and may well be sohds. Where one reactant is in sufficiently large excess to qualify as a solvent, for example in Friedel-Crafts alkylations or acylations with excess benzene or toluene, the reactions are not normally classified as no-sol-vent. The phrase solid-phase (solid-state) reaction today often describes a reaction carried out on a solid phase, like a resin, to which the reaction intermediates are bound by adding reagents in solution. These reactions have become very important in combinatorial chemistry, but they do not meet the definition of no-solvent. The nosolvent reactions refer only to the primary reactions themselves and not to workup conditions which may or may not involve solvents (Dittmer, 1997). 

The difference between IGC and conventional analytical gas-solid chromatography is the adsorption of a known adsorptive mobile phase (vapour) on an unknown adsorbent stationary phase (solid state sample). Depending on experiment setup, IGC can be used at finite or infinite dilution concentrations of the adsorptive mobile phase. The latter method is excellent for the determination of surface energetics and heat of sorption of particulate materials [3]. With IGC at finite dilution, it is possible to measure sorption isotherms for the determination of surface area and porosity [4], The benefits of using dynamic techniques are faster equilibrium times at ambient temperatures. 

Chandrasekhar, S., Padmaja, M.B. and Raza, A., Solid phase-solid state synthesis of N alkyl imides from anhydrides, Synlett, 1999, 1597-1599. 

As pointed out in Chapter 1, supramolecular chemistry comprises two broad, partially overlapping areas covering on the one hand the oligomolecular supermolecules and, on the other, the supramolecular assemblies, extended polymolecular arrays presenting a more or less well-defined microscopic organisation and macroscopic features depending on their nature (layers, films, membranes, vesicles, micelles, microemulsions, gels, mesomorphic phases, solid state species, etc.). 

In summary, we refer to Figure 5.5, which may be considered as the projection of the entire equilibrium surface on the entropy-volume plane. All of the equilibrium states of the system when it exists in the single-phase fluid state lie in the area above the curves alevd. All of the equilibrium states of the system when it exists in the single-phase solid state lie in the area bounded by the lines bs and sc. These areas are the projections of the primary surfaces. The two-phase systems are represented by the shaded areas alsb, lev, and csvd. These areas are the projections of the derived surfaces for these states. Finally, the triangular area slv represents the projection of the tangent plane at the triple point, and represents all possible states of the system at the triple point. This area also is a projection of a derived surface. 

Besides the research use of 249Bk for the characterization of the chemical and physical properties of element 97, its relatively rapid decay to 249Cf (0.2% per day) makes it a valuable source of this important isotope of californium for chemical study. This genetic relationship has been exploited in studies of the chemical consequences of beta (fi) decay in the bulk-phase solid state (12, 13). 

This absorption spectrophotometric technique has also been applied to the study of the chemical consequences of radioactive decay in bulk-phase solid state samples (12, 110-112). It was found that the 249Cf daughters growing into crystalline 249BkBr3 and 249BkCl3 exhibited the same oxidation state and crystal structure as their respective berke-lium parents (12, 112). 

The material presented in this article is partly organized around some concepts whose basis is discussed in Section 3 below. Most of these concepts have evolved to describe reactions in homogeneous solutions, and this is the focus of most of this article. Extensions to gas-phase, solid-state, biological, and heterogeneous reactions are very briefly considered. 

Interaction Behaviour Liquid phase Solid state Range ) (solid state)... 

Solid-solid transitions are observed especially for short alkanes. Odd numbered n-paraffins with more than 9 carbon atoms, and even numbered ones with more than 22 and up to about 45 carbons, undergo the transition to the rotator phase. Solid-state NMR spectra give evidence for this transition at the molecular level. Moller et al. [16] studied the temperature dependences of several n-paraffins and polyethylene systematically. Figure 9.4 shows the... 

Survey of State-of-the-Art Vapor-Phase Solid-State Chemosensing Organic Devices... 

M. Pouchard, C. Cros, P. Hagenmuller et al., A brief overview on low sodium content silicides are they mainly clathrates, fullerenes, intercalation compounds or Zintl phases Solid State Sci. 4, 723-729 (2002)... 

Because a peritectic transformation requires solid-state diffusion as P reacts with the liquid phase to convert to a, it tends to be more sluggish than a eutectic reaction. As the a phase builds up as a layer between the and liquid phases, solid-state... 

N. Bonanos and E. LiUey [1980] Ionic Conductivity of Suzuki Phases, Solid State Ionics 1, 223-230. 

Kinoshita K, Nishimara M, Akahama Y, Kawamura H (2007) Pressure-induced phase transition of BaH2 post Ni2ln phase. Solid State Commun 141 69-72... 

The data obtained by Chance and Patel for the thenmd, JT-ray, and y-ray initiated single phase solid state polymerization of a diacetylene were numa-ically simulated by Baughman, who accounted for differences in auto catalysis shown by all three methods in terms of strain-related chain initiation and propagation caused by the change in dimensions of the crystal. An alternative ... 

The process of formation of intermediate phases at interdiffusion is accompanied by a competition between stable and metastable phases. Solid-state amorphizing reactions (SSAR) present a classical example, when at the initial stage a metastable amorphous layer is formed and grows rather than the stable intermetaUides [1-3]. It is clear that the search for possible ways to estabhsh control over phase competition is highly essential for technological processes. Another problem related to phase competition refers to the order of phases formed in thin films and multi-layers [4, 5],... 

There are also a variety of processes where solid products are made by conversion of two or more solid reactants, with or without the interaction of a fluid phase. When there is no fluid phase, solids may react through sintering. A new phase may be formed at the boundaries of the reacting phases. Solid state diffusion is usually important here. The conversion of solid reactants to solid reaction products is reviewed in section 6.3.4. 

A. K. Ivanov-Shits, N. I. Sorokin, P. P. Fedorov, B. P. Sobolev, Specific features of ion transport in nonstoichiometric fluorite-type Bai xRxp2+x (R=La-Lu phases). Solid State Ionics, 31, 253-268 (1989). 

The molecular structure of BF3 complexes has been determined in both the gaseous and solid phases. Solid-state structures, retrieved mainly from the CSD [6], are listed in Table 3.1, while Table 3.2 corresponds to gas-phase structures. In both tables, the complexes are arranged according to the intermolecular distance d between the boron atom and the electron donor atomic site of the base. 

Table 3. Major linkers used in two-phase (solid state) oligosaccharide synthesis showing chemical structure of the linker, glycosylating agent, and removal methods used. 

Magnesium ethanol adducts of the type MgCl nEtOH (n < 6) are especially effective as the precursors of high activity Zeigler-Natta catalysts. Many of these solids are mixtures of two phases. Solid-state NMR (heteronuclear 2D correlated) of MgCl -nEtOH ( < 6), have provided detailed information on the phase composition and molecular-level structures that are present. Such information also provides an explanation for the high activities of catalysts derived from these solids. 

This chapter focuses on recent developments in the construction of supramo-lecular polymer-like ensembles incorporating [60]fullerene, including supramo-lecular polymers, nano-arrays and discrete assemblies of [60]fuUerene derivatives. These ensembles have been constmcted in various phases solid state, meso, solution and solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces. 

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