Phase weight ratio

A monomer aqueous phase to oil phase weight ratio of about 70 to 30 is classically used [21]. High solids contents are evidently desirable, and the monomer contoit used in the formulation can reach 42 wt% of the total mass. However, a value around 30-35 wt% is more common. 

Figure 21.3 Effect of the nature of the oil and monomer on the percentage of surfac-tant(s) necessary for the formation of microemulsions as a function of HLB (oil to aqueous phase weight ratio 1) at 20 °C. For , A, the aqueous (diase comptis water 55%. AM 40°%, sodium acetate 5% and the oils were Isopar M, a cyclohexane, toluene. For A the aqueous phase comprised water 50%, MADQUAT 50% and the oil was cyclohexane. Suifactant(s) GCI) used were , A. polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate with 40 ethylene oxide residues (G 1086)+sorbitan sesquioleate (Arlacel 83) and A Soibitan monooleate with 20 ethylene oxide residues (Tween 80) + Arlacel 83 [67]...

Fig, 6,3. Variation of the amount of non-ionic surfactant required to form a microemulsion, as a function of HLB for different oils. T = 20°C, oil/aqueous phase weight ratio 1. isopar M, A, A cyclohexane, toluene, heptane. Filled symbols refer to an aqueous phase 55% water, 40% AM, 5% sodium acetate. Open symbols refer to an aqueous phase 50% water, 50% MADQUAT. Taken from [6.5]... 

Fig. 22. Effects of polyphosphate level and N P20 weight ratio on solubility of ammoniated phosphoric acids at 0°C, where A represents 70% of total P20 as polyphosphate B, 45% and C, 0%, and the various crystallizing phases are (1), (NH H2PO (2), (NH 2HPO (3), (NH g HEgO -HgO) (4),...

For shortcut calculations the partition ratio K in Bancroft [Phys. Rev., 3, 120 (1895)] coordinates using the weight ratio of solute to extraction solvent in the extract phase Y and the weight ratio of solute to feed solvent in the raffinate phase X is preferred [Eq. (15-3)]. 

Typically the formulation may contain up to 60% active with builder salts and a water level of about 30-40% [52]. The weight ratio of LAS/AE may range from 1.5 1 up to 4 1. The combination of LAS and AE is especially effective for two reasons. First, LAS and AE interact strongly to form the lamellar phase liquid crystals. Second, both ingredients can be introduced into the liquid formulation as a 95 + % active liquid to control the amount of water going into the formulation. LAS can be introduced into the formulation as sulfonic acid and neutralized in situ. 

The experimental semibatch apparatus and procedure have been described in several places through the text of Wisseroth s publications ( 1, 7-9). so the details will not be repeated here. For nearly all of his work the reactor volume was one liter, temperature was 80 C, pressure was 30 atm (441 psia), and the feed was polymerization grade I assume that the reactor gas composition was 99% CsHgand 1% inerts. The range of catalyst loading was from 11 to 600 mg of TiCils per batch. The reaction time was varied from 0.5 to 6 hours. The weight ratio of alkyl-to-TiC 3 in the catalyst recipe was varied from 0.5 to 32. No data are reported from a continuous gas phase reactor. 

The phase behaviour of a blend of two PS-fo-PI copolymers depending on the components molecular weight and their ratio was investigated by Yamaguchi et al. [178-181]. Both copolymers were of nearly symmetric composition however, they differed in their molecular weights. For a given molecular weight ratio of the two constituent PS-fo-PIs the parameter space of temperature and blend composition is depicted in Fig. 59. 

A suspension process using redox initiation in a water medium was developed. The redox system is a combination of persulfatesulfite. Often ferrous or cupric salts were added as a catalyst for the redox reaction. Polymerizations were run in water at low temperature (20-25°C) and low pressure (65-85 psi). Monomer to monomer-plus-water weight ratios of 0.20 to 0.25 were used. Good agitation was required to keep an adequate monomer concentration in the aqueous phase. Yields ofup to 100% were obtained with polymer inherent viscosities of0.4 to 1.5 dl/g in C6F5C1. Reactions were run on both a 1-gal and a 100-gal scale. 

K Adsorption equilibrium constant trtj Mass flow ratio in section , defined by Eq. (6) n Adsorbed phase weight concentration... 

If the non-polar solvent s2 is varied, the following tendenqr is observed the less polar s2 the more mediator s3 is required until a single-phase solution is formed. Alcohols (2-octanol, 2-nonanol and 1-dodecanol), toluene, p-xylene and cyclohexane were used as s2. With DMF as the mediator a clear solution is obtained at a weight ratio si 2-octanol DMF of 1 3 0.6, while in the system si toluene DMF a ratio of 1 3 2.5 is required. With the very nonpolar solvent cyclohexane the solvent mixture becomes homogeneous at a ratio si cyclohexane DMF =1 3 11. The temperature dependency of the solvent systems si s2 DMF is almost not affected by the choice of the solvent s2. 

The catalyst system Pd(acac)2/TPPTS (TPPTS = trisulfonated triphenylphos-phine) was used in the experiments in which the telomerization of butadiene with ethylene glycol in TMS systems was investigated. However, the catalyst precipitates from many solvent mixtures as a yellow oil or solid, as soon as a homogenous phase is obtained. For this reason the solubihty of the catalyst was determined in various solvent systems. A solution of the catalyst in the mixture of ethylene glycol and water (si) and toluene (s2) was used in a weight ratio of 1 3. The various mediators s3 were added until a clear solution was formed or the catalyst precipitated. Only with DMF or DMSO can a clear solution be obtained. The addition of the catalyst to the polar phase causes an increase in the amount of s3 required to achieve a homogeneous system in the solvent system si toluene DMF the ratio increases from 1 5 4 to 1 5 4.4. 

Water was used as the catalyst phase for the palladiiun complex of TPPTS and toluene or an excess of the substrate anihne served as the non-polar product phase. To determine an appropriate solvent system cloud titrations were performed at 90 °C, 60 °C, 40 °C and 25 °C. A solution of 4-chloro-nitroben-zene in aniline and water were mixed in a weight ratio of 1 1 and semi-polar solvents were added as a mediator until a homogeneous solution was formed. As the mediator the following solvents were apphed methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, n-butanol, DMF, DMSO, ethylene glycol, N-methylpyrrohdone (NMP), 1.4-dioxane and acetonitrile. The cloud titrations were repeated whereby the substrate 4-chloro-nitrobenzene was replaced with the product 4-nitrodiphenylamine. In all cases more of the semi-polar mediator is required for the product mixture at 25 °C than for the reaction mixture at 60 °C to obtain a clear solution. 

The hydroaminomethylation of 1-octene and morphohne was carried out in PC as a single phase and in the TMS systems described above. PC and s2 were used in a weight ratio of 1 1 and an appropriate amount of s3 was added to get a homogeneous phase at reaction temperature. As the catalyst [Rh(cod)Cl]2 was used without any further hgand. The results obtained are shown in Table 12. 

The phase transfer catalyzed alkylation reaction of dodecyl phenyl glycidyl ether (DPGE) with hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) was studied as a mechanistic model for the general PTC reaction with cellulose ethers. In this way, the most effective phase transfer catalysts and optimum reaction concentrations could be identified. As a model cellulose ether, CELLOSIZE HEC11 was chosen, and the phase transfer catalysts chosen for evaluation were aqueous solutions of choline hydroxide, tetramethyl-, tetrabutyl-, tetrahexyl-, and benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxides. The molar A/HEC ratio (molar ratio of alkali to HEC) used was 0.50, the diluent to HEC (D/HEC) weight ratio was 7.4, and the reaction diluent was aqueous /-butyl alcohol. Because some of the quaternary ammonium hydroxide charges would be accompanied by large additions of water, the initial water content of the diluent was adjusted so that the final diluent composition would be about 14.4% water in /-butyl alcohol. The results of these experiments are summarized in Table 2. 

We studied electrochemically induced ET between a ferrocene derivative (FeCp-X) in single oil droplets and hexacyanoferrate(III) (Fe(III)) in the surrounding water phase the reaction system is schematically illustrated in Figure 11 [50,74], Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) containing FeCp-X (ferrocene [X = H] or decamethylferrocene [X = DCM]), a fluorescent dye (perylene [Pe 0.5 mM] or 9,10-diphenylanthracene [DPA 10 mM]), and TBA+TPB (lOmM) is dispersed in an aqueous solution containing TBA+Cr, MgS04 (0.1 M), and potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) (Fe(II) 0.2 mM) with a 1 500 (oil/water) weight ratio as a sample emulsion. 

In the case of two diblocks with frs 0.8 forming spherical morphologies and a large molecular weight ratio d = 7.4 (case (ii)), the copolymers were found to be partly miscible (Koizumi et al. 1994c). The blend phase separated into large... 

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