Phase separation schematic illustration

Figure 8.2 Schematic illustrations of AGm versus X2 showing how jUj -may be determined by the tangent drawn at any point, (a) The polymer-solvent system forms a single solution at all compositions, (b) Compositions between the two minima separate into equilibrium phases P and Q.

The principle of 2-D TLC separation is illustrated schematically in Figure 8.4. The multiplicative law for 2-D peak capacity emphasizes the tremendous increase in resolving power which can be achieved in theory, this method has a separating capacity of n, where n is the one-dimensional peak capacity (9). If this peak capacity is to be achieved, the selectivity of the mobile phases used in the two different directions must be complementary. 

Figure 9.3 Schematic illustration of the electrophoretic transfer of proteins in the chromatophoresis process. After being eluted from the HPLC column, the proteins were reduced with /3-mercaptoethanol in the protein reaction system (PRS), and then deposited onto the polyacrylamide gradient gel. (PRC, protein reaction cocktail). Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, 443, W. G. Button et al., Separation of proteins by reversed-phase Mgh-performance liquid cliromatography , pp 363-379, copyright 1988, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Fig. 21. Schematic illustration of MP-HNCA-TROSY antiphase (a) and in-phase (b) spectra with long acquisition time in q. The corresponding subspectra are shown after addition of the antiphase and in-phase data sets (c) and after subtraction of the antiphase and in-phase data sets (d). Due to very small Vcc > the intraresidual cross peaks are almost entirely cancelled out from the antiphase spectrum (a). In the subspectra, the intraresidual cross peaks are shown as doublets, separated by 53 Hz splitting in Fi-dimension, whereas sequential cross peaks are shown as singlets, and they exhibit 53 Hz offset for the upheld and downfield components between the subspectra.

The most widely encountered biphasic method commences with two immiscible phases, one containing the catalyst, the other the substrate or substrates, and was first recognized by Manassen in 1973 [1], Liquid phases may be immiscible if their polarities are sufficiently different, as explained in Chapter 1. The two phases are vigorously mixed allowing reaction between the catalyst and substrates to take place. When the reaction is complete, the mixing is stopped and the two phases separate. A schematic representation of such a process is illustrated in Figure 2.1. In the ideal system, the catalyst is retained in one phase ready for reuse and the product is contained in the other phase and can be removed without being contaminated by the catalyst. In certain cases, neat substrates may be used as one phase, without additional solvents. 

A schematic illustration of the method, and of the correlation between binary phase diagram and the one-phase layers formed in a diffusion couple, is shown in Fig. 2.42 adapted from Rhines (1956). The one-phase layers are separated by parallel straight interfaces, with fixed composition gaps, in a sequence dictated by the phase diagram. The absence, in a binary diffusion couple, of two-phase layers follows directly from the phase rule. In a ternary system, on the other hand (preparing for instance a diffusion couple between a block of a binary alloy and a piece of a third... 

Once mass transfer is completed, the drop phase must be separated from the continuous liquid. The basic event of the separation process is the coalescence of droplets producing a homophase. This can take place in a part of a countercurrent column especially provided for this purpose (see Figs. 9.1 and 9.5) or in a special settler (Fig. 9.23). If we wish to predetermine the separation process, the physical course of the droplet coalescence must be known. Figure 9.24 schematically illustrates the coalescence of a single drop... 

Figure 24 Schematic Illustration of the Migration Order of Positively Charged, Negatively Charged, and Uncharged (Neutral) Peptides Separated by Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC) with H,0/0rganic Mobile Phases and Sorbents of Appropriate EOF Properties...

Figure 16. Schematic diagram illustrating phase-separated columnar-structure-induced anisotropic wet chemical etching. (Reproduced with...

The oscillatory structure just mentioned has been clearly demonstrated to result from quantum-mechanical phase-interference phenomena. The necessary condition264,265 for the occurrence of oscillatory structure in the total cross section is the existence in the internuclear potentials of an inner pseudocrossing, at short internuclear distance, as well as an outer pseudo-crossing, at long internuclear distance. A schematic illustration of this dual-interaction model, proposed by Rosenthal and Foley,264 is shown in Fig. 37. The interaction can be considered to involve three separate phases, as discussed by Tolk and et al. 279 (1) the primary excitation mechanism, in which, as the collision partners approach, a transition is made from the ground UQ state to at least two inelastic channels U, and U2 (the transition occurs at the internuclear separation 7 , the inner pseudocrossing, in Fig. 37), (2) development of a phase difference between the inelastic channels,... 

Fig. 5.31 Schematic illustration of the morphology formed by blends and copolymers of two crystallizable polymers (Nojima et al. 19926) (a) a PEG/PCL blend, (b) a PCL-PEG-PCL triblock. In the blend, PEG and PCL are phase-separated into domains in which each homopolymer crystallizes in a lamellar texture. In the copolymer, PEG and PCL blocks cyrstallize in the same domain due to chain connectivity.

Figure 8.8. Schematic illustrating the analogy between colloid flocculation behavior and phase behavior of the stabilizer in bulk solution. As density is lowered, separation of solvent from chains in bulk solution resembles separation of solvent from chains on surfaces, which produces flocculation.

FIGURE 4.2 Schematic illustration of 2 x 2 x 2 unit cells of a lipid/water phase with gyroid cubic symmetry. In reversed bicontinuous cubic phases the lipid bilayer membrane separates two intertwined water-filled subvolumes resembling 3D arrays of interconnected tunnels. Black box (right) represents an enlargement of a part of the folded liquid crystalline lipid bilayer membrane structure. 

Electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems described in this chapter comprise batteries and fuel cells [6-11], In both systems, the energy-supplying processes occur at the phase boundary of the electrode-electrolyte interface moreover, the electron and ion transports are separate [6,8], Figures 8.1 and 8.2 schematically illustrate the electron and ion conductions in both the electrodes and the electrolyte in Daniel and fuel cells. The production of electrical energy by the conversion of chemical energy by means of an oxidation reaction at the anode and a reduction reaction at the cathode is also described. 

Figure 1 Schematic illustration of the proteomics process comprising the utilization of both gel-base and liquid-phase separations interphased to mass spectrometry analysis followed by database search mining, annotation, and a final link to the functional role of proteins.

Figure 1 Schematic illustrations of micro unit operations (a) mixing and reaction (b) solvent extraction (c) phase separation (d) two-phase formation (e) solid-phase extraction (f) heating (g) cell culture.

The True Moving Bed. The principle of a true moving bed is schematically illustrated in Figure 21-15 for the separation of a racemate on a chiral stationary phase, being the ideal problem for the separation of a binary mixture. There is countercurrent contact between the solid phase and the eluent which move in opposite directions. The racemate is injected in the middle of the column. Chiral discrimination provided for by the sorbent ... 

Figure 1. Schematic illustration of a dispersed system that consists of two fuiiy or partially immiscible liquids. The dispersed phase is surrounded by moiecuies of the continuous phase, and the two phases are separated by an interfaciai region.

Figure 9.5 Schematic illustration of the phase-separation process after a temperature quench into the spinodal region of the phase diagram. The time dependence of the temperature quench from the spinodal temperature to some final temperature Tfinai is shown in the top diagram. This quench time can be made arbitrarily fast, in which case it has no effect on the time period over which the linear or other regimes persist. The bottom diagram shows the maximum-scattering wavevector qm of the spinodal pattern as a function of time t, with qm oc r . At first, in the linear regime, qm is constant, so that a = 0 but as the pattern coarsens, qm decreases, initially as qm oc due to diffusive Ostwald ripening. Later, when the interfaces are well defined, if the morphology is bicontinuous, there is a crossover to a fast hydrodynamic regime with q , oct. (From Tanaka 1995, reprinted with permission from the American Physical Society.)...

A large effect, a large turbidity change in this case, was induced by a small number of photons in the temperature range from 19.4 to 26.0 °C. Below 19.4 and above 26.0 C, the photostimulated phase separation was not obserwd. These findings are consistent with the schematic illustration in Fig. 29. 

Single Emulsions. These emulsions are formed by two immiscible phases (e.g. oil and water), which are separated by a surfactant film. The addition of a surfactant (or emulsifier) is necessary to stabilize the drops. The emulsion containing oil as dispersed phase in the form of fine droplets in aqueous phase is termed as oil-inwater (0/W) emulsion, whereas the emulsion formed by the dispersion of water droplets in the oil phase is termed as water-in-oil (W/0) emulsion. Figure 1 schematically illustrates the 0/W and W/0 type emulsions. Milk is an example of naturally occurring 0/W emulsion in which fat is dispersed in the form of fine droplets in water. 

The mixing of surfactant and polymer in the porous medium occurs due to both dispersion and the excluded volume effect for the flow of polymer molecules in porous media, which in turn could lead to the phase separation. Figure 16 illustrates the schematic explanation of the surfactant-polymer incompatibility and concomittant phase separation. We propose that around each micelle there is a region of solvent that is excluded to polymer molecules. However, when these micelles approach each other, there is overlapping of this excluded region. Therefore, if all micelles separate out then the excluded region diminishes due to the overlap of the shell and more solvent becomes available for the polymer molecules. This effect is very similar to the polymer depletion stabilization (55). Therefore, this is similar to osmotic effect where the polymer molecule tends to maximize the solvent for all possible configurations. ... 

Figure 16. Schematic illustration of surfactant-polymer incompatibility leading to phase separation in mixed surfactant-polymer systems.

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