Pharmaceutical industry wide ranging applications

It is estimated (Starks et al., 1994) that PTC is used in as many as 500 eommercial processes, with sales of produets manufactured by processes consisting of at least one major PTC step being at least 10 bilhon a year, with wide ranging applications in the pharmaceuticals, agro-based chemicals, and polymer industries. 

Cellulose derivatives have found industrial applications for over 150 years. They have been used in such a wide-ranging application adhesives, building materials, inks, and munitions. Within the health and wellness area, cellulose derivatives have a long history of use as binders, coatings, viscosity modifiers, and release modifiers. This entry will present the chemistry of cellulose ethers a key class of cellulose derivatives and the clinical benefits they bring to food and pharmaceutical products. 

One of the most commonly used measures of durability, i.e. the loss of sodium from the glass, is important to the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, but other changes such as loss of surface quality, are of equal importance for optical and window glasses. The properties of a wide range of technical glasses are well catalogued but the data are often inadequate when considering a particular application and where possible nonstandard whole article tests are advisable. 

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a modem analytical technique that allows the rapid and efficient separation of sample components based on differences in their electrophoretic mobilities as they migrate or move through narrow bore capillary tubes (Frazier et al., 2000a). While widely accepted in the pharmaceutical industry, the uptake of CE by food analysts has been slow due to the lack of literature dedicated to its application in food analysis and the absence of well-validated analytical procedures applicable to a broad range of food products. 

In the chemical industry and in research alone more than 1700 trade name products and chemicals are used as solvents (Ash and Ash, 1996). The worldwide solvents market is estimated at over 30 billions pounds per year. Solvents are used in a wide range of industries and applications including metal cleaning and degreasing, dry cleaning operations, automotive and aviation fuel additives, paints, varnishes, lacquers, paint removers, plastics and rubber products, adhesives, textiles, printing inks, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. 

For groups experienced in trace analysis of chemical markers for bacteria, currently samples are analyzed almost exclusively by GC-MS/MS. GC-MS/MS assays are now well established and a wide range of clinical and environmental samples have been analyzed. However, application in the pharmaceutical industry requires further evaluation. For example, Mur is released by hydrolysis and analyzed as an alditol acetate 3-OH FAs after methanolysis are converted to methyl trimethylsilyl derivative. Detailed analytical procedures have been described elsewhere for Mur [3,4,7, 8,11] and for 3-OH FAs [2, 5,12,13]. The compounds of interest contain active... 

Uses. Alginates are used in a wide range of applications, particularly in the food, industrial, and pharmaceutical fields (25—27). As shown in Table 5, these applications arise from the properties of gelation, thickening/water holding, emulsification, stabilization/binding, and film forming. 

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a common analytical technique used to determine a wide range of organic compounds. Its application has been widespread in industries such as dyes, paints, and pharmaceuticals. More than two thirds of all organic compounds can be analyzed using HPLC methods. Its application in environmental analyses, however, has been relatively recent. Only a limited number of U.S. EPA methods are based on HPLC techniques. 

Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based techniques provide unique capabilities for pharmaceutical analysis. LC/MS methods are applicable to a wide range of compounds of pharmaceutical interest, and they feature powerful analytical figures of merit (sensitivity, selectivity, speed of analysis, and cost-effectiveness). These analytical features have continually improved, resulting in easier-to-use and more reliable instruments. These developments coincided with the pharmaceutical industry s focus on describing the collective properties of novel compounds in a rapid, precise, and quantitative way. As a result, the predominant pharmaceutical sample type shifted from nontrace/pure samples to trace mixtures (i.e., protein digests, natural products, automated synthesis, bile, plasma, urine). The results of these developments have been sig-... 

Mechanically agitated slurry reactors have a wide range of applications in the chemical, biochemical, and pharmaceutical industries and, in particular, catalytic processes (see Table IV). They are commonly used for catalytic hydrogenation, oxidation, halogenation, or polymerization reactions such as... 

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