Collective properties

The conductivity of such layers can be enhanced by replacing alkane thiol with an aromatic thiol in situ [200, 201], That the interaction energy of nanocrystals in such organizations can be continually varied by changing the interparticle distance was exploited by Heath and co-workers [202, 203], who prepared a monolayer of Ag ( 3 nm) nanocrystals at the air-water interface in a LB trough and varied the interparticle distance by applying pressure. A host of measurements including reflectivity and non-linear optical spectroscopic techniques were carried out in situ. 

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Collect properties of building layout, structures, and openings and their properties as basic values for load calculations. 

The output of this task could, in addition to the list of properties, also include a more sophisticated building model, in which collected properties are built in infiltration model, thermal model, etc. 

Adsorbent, regenerable An adsorber, which is treated when fully contaminated in order to restore its original collection properties. 

Dynamic information such as reorientational correlation functions and diffusion constants for the ions can readily be obtained. Collective properties such as viscosity can also be calculated in principle, but it is difficult to obtain accurate results in reasonable simulation times. Single-particle properties such as diffusion constants can be determined more easily from simulations. Figure 4.3-4 shows the mean square displacements of cations and anions in dimethylimidazolium chloride at 400 K. The rapid rise at short times is due to rattling of the ions in the cages of neighbors. The amplitude of this motion is about 0.5 A. After a few picoseconds the mean square displacement in all three directions is a linear function of time and the slope of this portion of the curve gives the diffusion constant. These diffusion constants are about a factor of 10 lower than those in normal molecular liquids at room temperature. 

V. COLLECTIVE PROPERTIES OF NANOCRYSTALS SELF-ORGANIZED IN 2D AND 3D SUPERLATTICES... 

Levy R, Maaloum M. 2005. Specific molecular interactions by force spectroscopy From single bonds to collective properties. Biophys Chem 117 233-237. 

Vorotyntsev, M. A., and A. A. Kornyshev, Models for description of collective properties of the metal/electrolyte contact in the electrical double-layer theory, Elektrokhimiya, 20, 3 (1984). 

These results illustrate that electrochemical techniques can be employed to synthesize a vast range of [Si(Pc)0]n-based molecular metals/conductive polymers with wide tunability in optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. Moreover, the structurally well-defined and well-ordered character of the polymer crystal structure offers the opportunity to explore structure/electro-chemical/collective properties and relationships to a depth not possible for most other conductive polymer systems. On a practical note, the present study helps to define those parameters crucial to the fabrication, from cheap, robust phthalocyanines, of efficient energy storage devices. 

The primary conclusion that follows from the effect of base sequence on the efficiency of radical cation migration through duplex DNA is that base pairs cannot be considered in isolation. For example, the effect of placing a T in a sequence of purines depends critically on the nature and number of purines. In this regard, the effect of base sequence on radical cation transport emerges from examination of collective properties of the DNA. This is a clear indication that the charge is delocalized over several base pairs, a conclusion that is supported by extensive quantum calculations. 

Since the transition from dilute to semi-dilute solutions exhibits the features of a second-order phase transition, the characteristic properties of the single- chain statics and dynamics observed in dilute solutions on all intramolecular length scales, are expected to be valid in semi-dilute solutions on length scales r < (c), whereas for r > E,(c) the collective properties should prevail [90]. 

Heterogeneous catalysis deals with reactions between species that are adsorbed on the surface of a catalyst. The role of the catalytic surface is to provide an energetically favorable pathway for the reaction. In order to find an explanation for the catalytic activity of substances, it is essential that we look at properties of the surface, rather than at a collective property of the bulk of the catalyst. 

The theory of band structures belongs to the world of solid state physicists, who like to think in terms of collective properties, band dispersions, Brillouin zones and reciprocal space [9,10]. This is not the favorite language of a chemist, who prefers to think in terms of molecular orbitals and bonds. Hoffmann gives an excellent and highly instructive comparison of the physical and chemical pictures of bonding [6], In this appendix we try to use as much as possible the chemical language of molecular orbitals. Before talking about metals we recall a few concepts from molecular orbital theory. 

Very active research has been devoted to the development of complexity measures that would allow the quantitative characterization of a complex system. In the present context, complexity is not just described by the number of states, the multiplicity of a system, as defined in information science, or by the characteristics of the graphs representing a molecule or an assembly of molecules, or by structural complexity. Complexity implies and results from multiple components and interactions between them with integration, i.e. long range correlation, coupling and feedback. It is interaction between components that makes the whole more than the sum of the parts and leads to collective properties. Thus, the complexity of an organized system involves three basic features ... 

A corollary is the question of how many individuals it takes to form a collectivity and to display the collective properties how many molecules of water to have a boiling point, how many atoms to form a metal, how many components to display a phase transition Or, how do boiling point, metallic properties, phase transition etc. depend on and vary with the number of components and the nature of their interac-tion(s) In principle any finite number of components leads to a collective behavior that is only an approximation, however dose it may well be, an asymptotic approach to the true value of a given property for an infinite number of units. 

Thus, the horizon of supramolecular chemistry lies on the road towards complexity, from the single molecule towards collective properties of adaptive multibody systems of interacting components. 

TABLE I Collective properties of selected [(Fe6S5L5)(M(CO)3)2]" adducts... 

The trivial chemical example that is usually given in the literature on emergence since the early times of the British emergentists is water being formed from its atomic components. The collective properties of water are not present in hydrogen and oxygen so the properties of water can be viewed as emergent ones. 

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