Pharmaceutical cylinder

Graduated Cylinder Here the term Style refers to the physical structure of the opened end. Pharmaceutical Cylinder Here the term Style refers to the calibrations. 

About two-thirds of the N2 produced industrially is supplied as a gas, mainly in pipes but also in cylinders under pressure. The remaining one-third is supplied as liquid N2 since this is also a very convenient source of the dry gas. The main use is as an inert atmosphere in the iron and steel industry and in many other metallurgical and chemical processes where the presence of air would involve fire or explosion hazards or unacceptable oxidation of products. Thus, it is extensively used as a purge in petrochemical reactors and other chemical equipment, as an inert diluent for chemicals, and in the float glass process to prevent oxidation of the molten tin (p. 370). It is also used as a blanketing gas in the electronics industry, in the packaging of processed foods and pharmaceuticals, and to pressurize electric cables, telephone wires, and inflatable rubber tyres, etc. 

Diffusion in a sphere may be more common than that in a cylinder in the pharmaceutical sciences. The example we may think of is the dissolution of a spherical particle. Since convection is normally involved in solute particle dissolution in reality, the dissolution rate estimated by considering only diffusion often underestimates experimental values. Nevertheless, we use it as an example to illustrate the solution of the differential equations describing diffusion in the spherical coordinate system [1],... 

Membrane diffusion illustrates the uses of Fick s first and second laws. We discussed steady diffusion across a film, a membrane with and without aqueous diffusion layers, and the skin. We also discussed the unsteady diffusion across a membrane with and without reaction. The solutions to these diffusion problems should be useful in practical situations encountered in pharmaceutical sciences, such as the development of membrane-based controlled-release dosage forms, selection of packaging materials, and experimental evaluation of absorption potential of new compounds. Diffusion in a cylinder and dissolution of a sphere show the solutions of the differential equations describing diffusion in cylindrical and spherical systems. Convection was discussed in the section on intrinsic dissolution. Thus, this chapter covered fundamental mass transfer equations and their applications in practical situations. 

The microbiological methods used for the determination of CTC potency in body tissues and fluids, bulk products, and pharmaceutical formulations can be separated into two testing procedures (1) agar diffusion plate method (cylinder-plate) and (2) turbidimetric method. 

With the organism grown in this manner the sensitivity of the assay is improved. Greely et al2 2 have applied the automated respirometric method to the determination of neomycin in pharmaceutical products and compared these assays with the results obtained by the cylinder-plate procedure on the same samples. Good correlation between the two procedures was demonstrated. 

As a solvent, acetone is used in varnishes, lacquer, cellulose acetate fiber, cellulose nitrate (an explosive), and as a carrier solvent for acetylene in cylinders. Acetylene is stored at about 225 psi but is so explosively reactive that as an extra precaution the cylinder is filled with asbestos wool soaked in acetone. Acetylene is extremely soluble in acetone, and the asbestos keeps it from sloshing around when the cylinder is half empty. Acetone also is used in smaller volumes for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and chloroform (the anesthetic). 

Extruders can be broadly classified (14,15) as screw and cylinder extruders, based on the feed mechanism that transports the wet mass towards the die and further based on the die configuration and discharge mechanisms. Figure 3 shows extruders of varying scales from lab to production while Figure 4 shows schematics of the various configurations of extruders used in the pharmaceutical industry. A comparison of attributes of various types of extruders is shown in Table 2. 

The V-mixer is a simple device, widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, which consists of two cylinders, joined at 90°, as shown in Figure 11 (Kuo et al., 2002, 2005). It rotates around the axis shown, thus, repeatedly dividing (a) and recombining (v) the charge. At each rotation a small amount of material is transferred across the plane of symmetry between the two arms. The reason for studying this device is not because it is of great inherent interest in itself but because it is... 

From ASTM specifications E 1094-86 (Standard Specification for Pharmaceutical Glass Graduates) and E 1272-89 (Standard Specification for Graduated Cylinders). 

Pharmaceutical graduated cylinders, which can be identified by their non-vertical walls,f have poor accuracy. Their accuracy varies at any given inside wall diameter, even on the same flask. For instance, at regions where the inside diameter is between 21 and 25 mm, the accuracy is 0.4mL. However, at regions where the inside diameter is between 46 and 50 mm, the accuracy is 1.8 mL. 

Kosmidis, K., Rinaki, E., Argyrakis, P., and Macheras, P., Analysis of Case II drug transport with radial and axial release from cylinders, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol. 254, No. 2, 2003, pp. 183-188. 

Basic types of extruders include axial end plate, radial screen, rotary cylinder or gear, and ram or piston. For a review, see Newton [Powder Technology ir Pharmaceutical Processes, Chuha et al. (eds.), Elsevier, 391 (1994).]... 

There are many different types of glasses made that can have an impact of the photodegradation of pharmaceuticals and their testing results. Among these types are fused quartz, soda-lime, borosilicate (e.g., Pyrex) and a variety of colored glasses. These glasses come in a variety of different shapes such as float, sheet, plate, and cylinder blown glass. They may be chemically treated, coated or laminated with plastic, clear or tinted. 

The selection of the extruder design is based on the principal requirements of the extrudate and the nature of further processing. For the production of uniform granules to be dried in a fluid-bed drier, a low-compaction system, such as that provided by the various types of screen extruders may be suitable. Cylinder or gear-type extruders may be more appropriate when aiming for a densified extrudate, such as that required for spheronization. Ram-extrusion systems, which allow precision control of extrudate density, size, and shape, are ideal for the extrusion and forming of pharmaceutical polymers of the type used for sub-dermal implants. 

The three metals commonly used in pharmaceutical packaging are tin, aluminum, and steel. Because of its susceptibility to oxidation and corrosion, steel must be galvanized or coated by an epoxy before use, so its application is primarily reserved for drums of bulk material where very high strength is required. Metals can also be formed into pressure cylinders for the containment of gaseous product. ... 

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