Pharmacy practice Pharmaceutical care

What is less clear is how, or whether, the roles of pharmacists will grow or advance. Since no significant increase in the number of practicing pharmacists can be foreseen in the immediate future to take on this increasing workload, while hopefully continuing to expand services and the delivery of pharmaceutical care, pharmacy clearly faces a major challenge. More use of better trained, certified, or even licensed technicians is one approach. More automation and computerization is another. A rapid growth in the expected use of electronic prescriptions may also allow further efficiencies—even the prospect of a paperless automated process. 

About the Author Dr. Mosavin is Chair of the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science at Loma Linda University s School of Pharmacy. Dr. Mosavin received a B.S. in Pharmacy from the University of Kansas, a Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Wisconsin—Madison, and an MBA from the University of Chicago. Dr. Mosavin has experience in pharmaceutical industry, hospital pharmacy, and ambulatory care pharmacy settings. His research interests encompass economic evaluation of health care delivery systems and the role of pharmacists in these systems (especially as it relates to management of chronic diseases by pharmacists). Another key area of his research is analysis of economic gains achieved by health information technology implementation in ambulatory care pharmacy practice. 

Specialization will continue to grow in pharmacy as it has in medicine. An area of specialization in pharmacy that requires special skills and typically additional training is compounding, a specialization grounded in pharmaceutics. Some very successful pharmacy practices have been built around and grounded on this specialty area, and, as noted in Table 4, it leads the other patient care services that are evolving. 

In a pharmaceutical or clinical setting, health care professionals encounter more than one system of measurement. Therefore, it becomes necessary to convert all quantities to the same system of measurement. Depending upon the circumstances and the degree of accuracy required, a particular system would be preferred over the others. Some commonly used equivalents in pharmacy practice are shown in Tables 2.7 and 2.8. 

What area of pharmacy practice has the opportunity of using the scientific education and training as much as pharmacists involved in individualizing patient care through extemporaneous compounding The pharmaceutical sciences, especially chemistry and pharmaceutics, serve as the foundation for pharmacists ability to formulate specific dosage forms to meet patients needs. 

This book provides tlie reader with a variety of practice MCQs, which can be used to assess essential pharmacy practice knowledge in a number of areas, including drug action, uses, clinical pharmacology, adverse effects, pharmaceutical care, counselling points, product selection and pharmaceutical calculations. It will be a very useful text both for pharmacy preregistration examination candidates and for practising pharmacists. 

For many years pharmacy education was based on the study of a number of classic basic and applied sciences such as chemistry, mathematics, pharmaceutics, pharmacognosy and pharmacology. Students were then examined separately in these different disciplines. It is only fairly recently that pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical care have been introduced as integral parts of the pharmacy curriculum. Attempts at finding the best way to test the competence of pharmacy students were made at roughly the same time. 

Lilian M Azzopardi studied pharmacy at the University of Malta, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. In 1994 she took up a position at the Department of Pharmacy, University of Malta as a teaching and research assistant. Professor Azzopardi completed an MPhil on the development of formulary systems for community pharmacy in 1995, and in 1999 she gained a PhD. Her thesis led to the publication of the book Validation Instruments for Community Pharmacy pharmaceutical care for the third millennium published in 2000 by Pharmaceutical Products Press, USA. She worked together with Professor Anthony Serracino Inglott who was a pioneer in the introduction of clinical pharmacy in the late sixties. Professor Azzopardi is the author of Further MCQs In Pharmacy Practice (2006) and MCQs in Clinical Pharmacy (2007) by Pharmaceutical Press. 

Identify principal domains of pharmacy care. Describe the practices of pharmaceutical care and medication therapy management as a series of management functions. 

About the Author Dr. Bentley is an Associate Professor in the Department of Pharmacy Administration and Research Associate Professor in the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy. He received a B.S. in pharmacy and an MBA from Drake University and an M.S. and Ph.D. in pharmacy administration from the University of Mississippi. In addition to statistics, Dr. Bentley s teaching interests focus on the organization, delivery, financing, and outcomes of health care. His research interests include understanding the role of pharmacy practice in how medications and the medication consumption experience affect quality of life, the use of quality-of-life measures as clinical tools, and empirical investigations of ethical issues in pharmacy and research. 

About the Authors Dr. Farmer is Associate Professor of Pharmacy Administration at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center College of Pharmacy. He received a B.S. in pharmacy and Ph.D. in pharmaceutical sciences from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Dr. Farmer has experience in retail and hospital pharmacy practice settings and marketing research in the pharmaceutical industry. He teaches courses in U.S. health care systems and policy, financial management, and pharmaceutical marketing. Dr. Farmer s research is focused on issues related to medication adherence and health and economic consequences of health and medication health care policies. 

BOPA (British Oncology Pharmacy Association) (2004) Position Statement on Safe Practice and the Pharmaceutical Care of Patients Receiving Oral Anti-cancer Chemotherapy. January. 

The British Oncology Pharmacy Association (BOPA) (2004) produced a position statement on the safe practice and pharmaceutical care of patients receiving oral anti-cancer chemotherapy. Within this document, there are numerous principles that should be adhered to including ... 

The advent of pharmaceutical care has ushered in a new era of pharmacy practice based on a clear description of a pharmacist s patient care responsibilities and contributions to society. Before the era of pharmaceutical care, pharmacists engaged in professional activities often defined merely by a drug or disease state of interest. This potpourri of pharmacy activities previously referred to as a practice was inconsistent with the systems of care used by all other health care professions. This chapter presents and discusses... 

The practice of pharmaceutical care was developed by using the rules governing all other health care practices. Although pharmacists have the ability to address drug therapy problems better than other health care professionals do, it might be necessary to create a new health care professional for the practice of pharmaceutical care to expand beyond the current cottage industry of selected pharmacy locations. The issue of creating a new health care professional would have profound implications on the mission and direction of pharmacy education. 

No other health care innovation or service has been held to a higher standard of evidence than the practice of pharmaceutical care. Few — if any ofher — health care professions have been required to demonstrate that their services not only improve care delivered to patients but also save money. Even when the debate over inclusion of chiropractic care services in health benefit plans transpired, it was more overwhelming public testimony rather than economic cost-savings data that persuaded third-party payers to begin covering these services. Although it is easy to say that this is unfair, fhe silver lining is that as pharmaceutical care becomes a more widely covered service, the profession of pharmacy will be well prepared to answer the call for accounf-ability of oufcomes. 

Economic evidence supporting the practice of pharmaceutical care is sub-stantial. An evaluation of care delivered by pharmacists in a variety of health care settings reported an average benefit of 16.70 of value to the health care system realized for each 1 invested in clinical pharmacy services. In the Minnesota Pharmaceutical Care Project, there was a bene-fit-to-cost estimate of 11 for every 1 invested. ... 

Isetts BJ. Pharmaceutical care. In Mueller B, Ed., Pharmacotherapy Self-Assessment Program — The Science and Practice of Pharmacotherapy I, 4th ed.. Book 5. Kansas City American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 2002, pp. 147-182. 

Gurwitz ]H, Rochon R Improving the quality of medication use in elderly patients a not-so-simple prescription. Arch. Intern. Med. 2002 162 1670-1672. Isetts BJ, McKone BJ. Practice changes facilitated by pharmaceutical care. In Knowlton CH and Perma RP, Eds., Pharmaceutical Care, 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD American Society of Health-System Pharmacy, 2003, chap. 12, pp. 213-231. 

During the second phase of pharmacy practice, health care within the U.S. experienced changes in capabilities, regulations, and financing, from the development of the pharmaceutical industry and the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to the creation of the first health maintenance organization (HMO). 

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