Pharmaceutical biopolymer

In the past 40 years, polymers and biopolymers have been increasingly used as a support and as a tool for the controlled release of drugs or active substances that are in a given formulation. There are many applications of polymers for drug delivery due to the unique characteristics of these materials. Some of these are as follows protection, support, and improved formulation stability good processability hydrophobic or hydrophilic character according to the requirement rapid or controlled release of the active substance, improved bioavailability or acceptability of the medicament by the patient and finally safe use. 

Support applications in the pharmaceutical excipient comprise a polymer, which is inactive in the development and serves as a vehicle to enable the preparation of the drug and give consistency and stability, among other functions. A medicine may contain one or more than one active ingredient. The latter is called the active 

A variety of polymers for pharmaceutical applications and the various embodiments of drugs or preparations are extruded or pelleted and some may be further coated or encapsulated. 

Biopolymeric materials in contact with a drug product should fulfill a number of requirements besides the typical requirements such as adequate mechanical properties and suitability for mass production. The polymer should be chemically resistant to the excipients of the drug product. Moreover, it should be suitable for sterilization and have good barrier properties toward water, preservatives, and preferably gases. It should comply with the existing regulations regarding the amount and toxicity of leachables. 

The number of commercially available polymer materials that can be used is rather limited. Moreover, the biopolymeric materials are typically hydrophilic, which is known to be a disadvantage owing to water adsorption [37-44]. 

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Craig WS, Cheng S, Mullen DG et al (1995) Concept and progress in the development of RGD-containing peptide pharmaceuticals. Biopolymer 37(2) 157-175... 

Drying techniques have been explored for pharmaceutical biopolymer formulations drying with the aid of a supercritical fluid is especially attractive for reasons of mild process conditions, cost-effectiveness, possible sterilizing properties of supercritical carbon dioxide, capability of producing microparticulate protein powders, and feasibility of scaling up. 

Chiral Chromatography. Chiral chromatography is used for the analysis of enantiomers, most useful for separations of pharmaceuticals and biochemical compounds (see Biopolymers, analytical techniques). There are several types of chiral stationary phases those that use attractive interactions, metal ligands, inclusion complexes, and protein complexes. The separation of optical isomers has important ramifications, especially in biochemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry, where one form of a compound may be bioactive and the other inactive, inhibitory, or toxic. 

The application areas for LC-MS, as will be illustrated later, are diverse, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative determinations of both high-and low-molecular-weight materials, including synthetic polymers, biopolymers, environmental pollutants, pharmaceutical compounds (drugs and their metabolites) and natural products. In essence, it is used for any compounds which are found in complex matrices for which HPLC is the separation method of choice and where the mass spectrometer provides the necessary selectivity and sensitivity to provide quantitative information and/or it provides structural information that cannot be obtained by using other detectors. 

Current analytical methods have difficulty detecting picogram levels of nucleic acids, particularly when high levels of other biopolymers (e.g., proteins) are present. The most widely used assay method employed by the pharmaceutical industry involves a nick translation DNA hybridization method (1). This assay offers high sensitivity and selectivity but has a number of drawbacks. 

GA is a natural biopolymer with wide industrial use as a stabilizer, a thickener, an emulsifier and in additive encapsulation not only in food industry but also in textiles, ceramics, lithography, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry (Verbeken et al., 2003). 

The need of modern science to achieve a sustainable future development has been shown in many circumstances in society. Finding strategies less harmful to the environment has been a quest for research in several areas, such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and food industries. With that purpose, the increase in research and development of more applications of xylan and its derivatives has shown the versatility of this biopolymer, thus helping the search for sustainable alternatives. 

As gelatin is a common food additive with applications in the pharmaceutical industry, its introduction into foreign protein production systems may generate fewer regulatory concerns than other biopolymers. 

Alginate is another biopolymer extensively studied for its gel formation property with applications in the food packaging and pharmaceutical industries as well as for membranes and as biosensors. Such LDH hybrid assemblies were recently used for the detection of cations such as Ca [HO]. 

Molecular mechanics models differ both in the number and specific nature of the terms which they incorporate, as well as in the details of their parameterization. Taken together, functional form and parameterization, constitute what is termed a force field. Very simple force fields such as SYBYL, developed by Tripos, Inc., may easily be extended to diverse systems but would not be expected to yield quantitatively accurate results. On the other hand, a more complex force field such as MMFF94 (or more simply MMFF), developed at Merck Pharmaceuticals, while limited in scope to common organic systems and biopolymers, is better able to provide quantitative accounts of molecular geometry and conformation. Both SYBYL and MMFF are incorporated into Spartan. 

Force Field for organic molecules and biopolymers developed by Merck Pharmaceuticals. 

A biopolymer-based drug carrier designed for protein delivery must meet the following requirements. In addition to controlling the release of drug, (1) the carrier must be biocompatible and degraded products must be nontoxic, (2) the carrier must incorporate the protein in a sufficiently gentle manner to retain bioactive conformation, and (3) the carrier must be able to incorporate the protein in pharmaceutical scale [12]. 

Bioactive peptides can be extracted and purified with these technologies, which vary from simple to complex. Following this, the isolation of bioactive peptides, oligosaccharides, fatty acids, enzymes, water-soluble minerals, and biopolymers for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications is possible. Further, some of these bioactive peptides have been identified to possess nutraceutical potentials that are beneficial for human health. 

On the strength of all the examples presented in this chapter, the reader should be convinced that variations in self-assembly of food biopolymers in aqueous media can have an enormous influence on food colloid stability, rheology and microstructure. It therefore seems reasonable to infer that further study and understanding of the molecular mechanisms of self-assembly and interactions of biopolymers in aqueous solution should provide increased opportunities for the creation of new classes of structured soft materials with potential application for incorporation in a wide range of new food and pharmaceutical products. 

As with higher organisms, a common feature of bacteria is the production of extracellular polysaccharides, during growth. Within the last 20 years, the large-scale production of microbial biopolymers has become feasible, and mainly two microbial products, i.e., xanthan and dextran are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry today. 

It is interesting to note that all the simple theories (such as Hiickel 7r-electron theory) have now reappeared as options in these very same packages Thus, very many scientists now routinely use computational quantum chemistry as a futuristic tool for modelling the properties of pharmaceutical molecules, dyestuffs and biopolymers. I wrote the original Computational Quantum Chemistry text as... 

Binding enzymes to solid supports can be achieved via covalent bonds, ionic interactions, or physical adsorption, although the last two options are prone to leaching. Enzymes are easily bound to several types of synthetic polymers, such as acrylic resins, as well as biopolymers, e.g., starch, cellulose [52], or chitosan [53,54]. Degussa s Eupergit resins, for example, are used as enzyme carriers in the production of semisynthetic antibiotics and chiral pharmaceuticals [55], Typically, these copolymers contain an acrylamide/methacrylate backbone, with epoxide side groups... 

The development, manufacturing, and storage control of drugs has direct bearings on medicine, and some important uses of calorimetry in the pharmaceutical industry will therefore be pointed out. As a result of recent developments in microcalorimetry, techniques for thermodynamic characterization of binding reactions between drugs and biopolymers have become readily accessible. To an increasing extent, titration microcalorimetry is now used in the pharmaceutical industry. 

Shear-sensitive products hollow glass, biopolymers, food/feed, pharmaceuticals dehydrating rubber... 

Plant oils are excellent sources of some valuable compounds such as unsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols, squalene, pigments, antioxidants, vitamins, waxes, glycolipids, and lipoproteins. Plant oils could be employed for technological uses as biodiesel, lubricants, surfactants, emulsifiers, biopolymers, and so on. Vegetable oils also can serve as appropriate sources for the production of valuable compounds having applications in food, pharmaceutical, medical, and environmental fields. Attention has been focused on various types of value-added fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, conjugated fatty... 

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