Peyer’s patches immunization

Animals The volumes of immunogen described relate to immunization of rats. With mice, smaller volumes would suffice, and also, Section 3.2.2. on Peyer s patch immunization would be inappropriate. Of the rats that we have tested, the best strain for the present purposes seems to be F344 (see Note 1). 

Peyer s Patch Immunization The DNA solution should be at a concentration of about 1 mg/mL see Note 11). Allow about 80 pL of DNA solution per rat per immunization. Add mBSA solution, such that the weights of mBSA and DNA are equal. Then add 1.1 vol of adjuvant and emulsify as described in Step 3 of the previous section, taking care not to make the emulsion too viscous, as it must be injected via a very fine needle. 

Immunizations can be either conventional or via the Peyer s patches. Conventional immunizations involve the injection of immunogen at subcutaneous and intraperitoneal sites, and require 1 mLofimmunogen per rat per immunization. Peyer s patch immunizations involve injecdon of small volumes of concentrated immunogen direcdy into these patches during a surgical procedure. 

The maximal intestinal immunization can be achieved by intra-Peyer s patch immunization, and thus this method can be used to screen oral vaccine candidate antigens without the added complication of simultaneously testing oral-delivery systems. Immunization of subjects against Helicobacter pylori by intra-Peyer s patch resulted in an 84-91% reduction in H. pylori infection compared with unimmrmized controls. The therapeutic efficacy of the recombinant H. pylori urease vaccine in mice was shown to be comparable with that achieved with the combined anti-biotic/antacid treatment in humans. The oral vaccination is preferred to conventional treatment of ulcers because it is a very simple and quick procedure compared with long-term conventional treatment. In addition, vaccines use the defense mechanisms of the body to establish long-lasting immunity. ... 

NF-kB is also crucial for the proper functioning of the adaptive immune system not only by acting on the immune cells themselves but also by participating in the development and organization of the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, and Peyer s patches), in which both B and T lymphocytes undergo maturation and activation. NF-kB proteins have an important role in lymphocyte development and... 

A wide diversity of herbal remedies have purported abilities to stimulate defense functions. Complexes of carbohydrate and lignin, which are present in some herbs, modulate enteric immune functions (Kiyohara et al, 2000), and the changes in cytokine secretion (Matsumoto and Yamada, 2000) can trigger systemic responses. The polysaccharides present in other herbal medicines augment production of immunoglobulin (Ig) A by the Peyer s patches in the small intestine (Sakushima et al, 1997 Yu et al, 1998). The responses of the enteric immune system to lectins are variable (Pusztai 1993), and can elicit systemic responses (Lavelle et al, 2000). Other phytochemicals provide protection by inducing detoxification pathways in mucosal cells (Williamson et al, 1998). 

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) Lymphoid tissue, including Peyer s patches, found in the gut that is important for providing localized immunity against pathogens. 

Although most drugs are absorbed from the intestine by the blood capillary network in the villi, they can also be taken up by the lymphatic system (an integral and necessary part of the vascular system, the function of which is to collect extra tissue fluid and return it to the vascular compartment), particularly by M cells that reside in the Peyer s patch regions of the intestine. Peyer s patches have also been implicated in the regulation of the secretory immune response. Wachsmann et al. [277] reported that an antigenic material encapsulated within a liposome, when administered perorally, is taken up by these M cells and exhibited better saliva and serum IgA (primary and secondary)... 

The main site of the mucosal immune system in the gut is referred to as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), which can be divided into inductive and effector sites. In the small intestine, the inductive sites are in the Peyer s patches, which consist of large lymphoid follicles in the terminal small intestine. The contact with external antibodies triggers a series of cascade events in the body based on immune response (Brandtzaeg et al., 1999). 

Tissues - Tissues involved in the immune system, the cellular system, are the lymph nodes, located in the neck, underarms and groin areas spleen, above the kidneys tonsils and adenoids and Peyer s patches, found in the area of the small intestine as well as the appendix located near the large intestine. All of these are located at key places in the body so as to interact with the available blood supply. 

Figure 31-1 (A) Locations of the primary and secondary tissues of the immune system. The primary lymphoid organs are the thymus, which makes T cells, and the hone marrow, which forms B cells. After moving from these organs into the blood circulation the cells reach one of the secondary lymphoid organs, which include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and Peyer s patches on the small intestine. Immature dendritic cells are found in body tissues including skin and mucous membranes and respond to foreign proteins by inducing attack by T lyphocytes and antibody formation by B cells. (B) Schematic drawing of a lymph node. From Nossal.1 Courtesy of Gustav J. V. Nossal.

De Simone, C., Vesely, R., Negri, R., Bianchi Salvadori, B., Zanzoglu, S., and Cilli, A. 1987. Enhancement of immune response of murine Peyer s patches by a diet supplemented with yoghurt. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 9 87-100. 

---