Liquefied petroleum gases specifications

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). Certain specific hydrocarbons, such as propane, butane, pentane, and their mixtures, exist in the gaseous state under atmospheric ambient conditions but can be converted to the Hquid state under conditions of moderate pressure at ambient temperature. This is termed Hquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Liquefied petroleum gas (qv) is a refinery product and the individual constituents, or light ends (Table 4), are produced during a variety of refining operations. 

Liquefied Petroleum Gas The term liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is applied to certain specific hydrocarbons which can be liquefied under moderate pressure at normal temperatures but are gaseous under normal atmospheric conditions. The chief constituents of LPG are propane, propylene, butane, butylene, and isobutane. LPG produced in the separation of heavier hydrocarbons from natural gas is mainly of the paraffinic (saturated) series. LPG derived from oil-refinery gas may contain varying low amounts of olefinic (unsaturated) hydrocamons. 

Specification for dedicated liquefied petroleum gas appliances - Mobile and portable non-domestic forced convection direct fired air heaters. Superseded BS 4096 1967... 

The sale of C, as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a profitable outlet for this material. However, LPG has to meet rigid specifications on low moisture content, low sulfur, and usually a minimum of 95% C3 content, with the... 

LPG (liquefied PETROLEUM GAs) Petroleum gas stored or processed as a liquid in equilibrium with vapour by refrigeration or pressurization. The two LPGs in general use are commercial propane and commercial butane supplied to product specifications, e.g. BS 4250. (These, or mixtures thereof, comprise LPG for the purpose of the Highly Flammable Liquids and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Regulations 1972.)... 

Liberated gasses are drawn off at the top of the tower with the naptha. The gas is recovered to manufacture refrigerated liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The naptha is condensed at a temperature of about 52 °C (125 °F). Part of the condensed naptha is normally returned to the top of the tower. The naptha product stream is split into light naptha for gasoline blending and heavy naptha for further reforming. Inside the tower, kerosene is withdrawn at a temperature of about 149 °C (300 °F). Diesel is withdrawn at a temperature of 260 °C (500 °F). These middle distillates are usually brought up to specification with respect to sulfur content with hydrodesulfurization. The heavy oil... 

Properties A colorless liquefied petroleum gas. Bp -6.3C, d 0.5951 (20/4C), fp approximately —185C, specific volume 6.7 cu ft/lb (70F), flash p -110F (-79C), autoign temp approx 700F (371C). Soluble in most organic solvents insoluble in water. 

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is the term applied to certain specific hydrocarbons and their mixtures, which exist in the gaseous state under atmospheric ambient conditions but can be converted to the liquid state under conditions of moderate pressure at ambient temperature. 

The various tests that are applied to specifications for this group of low-boiling liquids will be referenced in the chapters dealing with liquefied petroleum gas (Chapter 3), naphtha (Chapter 4), and gasoline (Chapter 5). 

The vaporization and combustion characteristics of liquefied petroleum gas are defined for normal applications by volatility, vapor pressure, and, to a lesser extent, specific gravity. 

Lampert presented a catalytic partial oxidation technique for sulfur compounds that was developed by the former Engelhard (now BASF) corporation [296]. The sulfur compounds of natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas were converted into sulfur oxides at a low 0/C ratio of 0.03 in a ceramic monolith over a precious metal catalyst. These sulfur oxides were then adsorbed downstream by a fixed adsorber bed, which contained adsorption material specific to sulfur trioxide and sulfur dioxide, which could trap up to 6.7 g sulfur per 100 g adsorbent. The partial oxidation was performed at a 250 °C monolith inlet temperature, the adiabatic temperature rise in the monolith amounted to 20 K. Light sulfur compounds usually present in natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas, such as carbon oxide sulfide, ethylmercaptane, dimethyl sulfide and methylethyl sulfide, could be removed to well below the 1 ppm level. Exposure of the monolith to an air rich fuel/air mixture at temperatures exceeding 150 °C had to be avoided. The same applied for contact with fuel in the absence of air regardless of the temperature. 

In other authorized containers—filling limits as with liquefied petroleum gas these maximum filling densities are prescribed according to the specific gravity of the liquid material at 60°F (15.6°C) in a detailed table that are part of DOT regulations. Producers and suppliers who charge inhibited 1,3-butadiene containers other than cylinders should consult these tables in the current regulations [6, 9]. 

Propane represents another low hydrocarbon investigated as VOC since it is being released in increasing amounts due to the increase in liquefied petroleum gas usage as a fuel. Some of the propane in these fuels is not combusted during the main reaction and, therefore, its catalytic total oxidation is very important to prevent its release into the atmosphere. To achieve this, several metal oxides have been prepared using specific procedures and investigated. 

Liquefied petroleum gas is authorized for shipment in truck or truck-trailer cargo tanks that comply with TC/DOT specifications MC-330 or MC-331. Various design pressures may be used, but the gauge vapor pressure at 115°F (46.1°C) of a shipment must not exceed the tank s design pressure. 

The bulk of the propane and butanes which are produced as refinery liquids are sold as fuel in the form of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Detailed specifications for these materials have been published by the Natural Gas Processors Association (NGPA). These specifications cover many aspects of product quality and composition, many of which are outside the control or influence of the distillation portion of the total manufacturing process. For both propane and butane, two variables are defined which are composition dependent and w hich are used as bases for separations in towers yielding these products. 

Canadian methanol production, especially the two plants located in the Province of Alberta, were in very serious financial difficulty in the mid-1980s. The cost of the feedstock natural gas was not considered a value comparable to that of other remote-area producers, and it is ejq)ensive to ship this methanol to deep-water export facilities, located in Kitimat and Vancouver in British Columbia. Attempts were made to ship methanol via a products pipeline from Edmonton, Alberta to Vancouver and also via a liquefied petroleum gas pipeline from Edmonton to Chicago and Windsor, Ontario, but these tests proved only marginally successful and the methanol that was received was off-specification and suitable basically only for fuel uses. The two Alberta methanol producers, Novacor and Celanese Canada, reduced their total costs by renegotiating feedstock gas contracts and shipping rates both to Canadian ejq)ort ports and directly to the United States. 

ASTM addresses the characterization and specification of the Cl to C5 hydrocarbon materials and products through several venues, Committee D03 is responsible for gaseous fuels Committee D02, Subcommittee H is responsible for liquefied petroleum gas Committee D02, Subcommittee D is responsible for hydrocarbons for chemical and special uses, while Committee D02, Subcommittee 4 has resp>onsibility for test methods involving hydrocarbons in genereJ. Committees D19 (Water) and D22 (Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres) address environmental concerns involving light hydrocarbons. 

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