Specific heat petroleum fraction

The isobaric specific heat for a petroleum fraction is estimated by a correlation attributed to Watson and Nelson in 1933, which was used again by. Johnson and Grayson in 1961 as well as by Lee and Kesler in 1975. This relation is valid at low pressures i... 

These complex alterations in the types of compounds generated from refinery operations have led to the development of a variety of technical nomenclatures to describe different petroleum fractions. Many commercial products still carry such traditional names as gasoline or heating oil. In terms of such basic physical and chemical properties as specific gravities and combustion performance, these traditional labels have held their meanings fairly well. New products, such as fuel oils derived from residuals, now join the original fuel oils derived from simple distillation, but the term "fuel oil" is still commonly used to organize data on petroleum imports, exports, and production. But the chemistry of these modern products is often considerably more complex than the chemistry of pre-World War II products with the same names. 

Properties Colorless liquid aromatic odor. Vapor heavier than air, bp 136.187C, refr index 1.49594 (20C), d 0.867 (20C), fp -95C, bulk d 7.21 lb/gal (25C), flash p 59F (15C), autoign temp 810F (432C), specific heat 0.41 cal/gal/K, viscosity 0.64 cP (25C). Soluble in alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and ether almost insoluble in water. Derivation (1) By heating benzene and ethylene in the presence of aluminum chloride, with subsequent distillation (2) by fractionation directly from the mixed xylene stream in petroleum refining. Grade Technical, pure, research. 

CONDENSATION OF SUPERHEATED VAPORS. If the vapor entering a condenser is superheated, both the sensible heat of superheat and the latent heat of condensation must be transferred through the cooling surface. For steam, because of the low specific heat of the superheated vapor and the large latent heat of condensation, the heat of superheat is usually small in comparison with the latent heat. For example, 50°C of superheat represents only 100 J/g, as compared with approximately 2300 J/g for latent heat. In the condensation of organic vapors, such as petroleum fractions, the superheat may be appreciable in comparison with the latent heat, When the heat of superheat is important, either it can be calculated from the degrees of superheat and the specific heat of the vapor and added to the latent heat, or if tables of thermal properties are available, the total heat transferred per pound of vapor can be calculated by subtracting the enthalpy of the condensate from that of the superheated vapor. 

In many instances, two or more miscible liquids must be mixed to give a product of a desired specification, as for example, in the blending of petroleum fractions of different viscosities. This is the simplest type of mixing as it does not involve either heat or mass transfer, or indeed a chemical reaction. Even such simple operations can, however, pose problems when the two liquids have vastly different viscosities, or if density differences are sufficient to lead to stratification. Another example is the use of mechanical agitation to enhance the rates of heat and mass transfer between a liquid and the wall of a vessel, or a coil. Additional complications arise in the case of highly viscous Newtonian and non-Newtonian materials. 

The specific heat of petroleum fractions is a nearly linear function of temperature. It is also dependent on the specific gravity. 

Polyolefin plastics are essentially polymers that are composed out of hydrocarbon molecules. These are typically obtained from fossil fuel that is, petroleum. After a relatively simple heat treatment in a refining (distillation) process, specific distillate fractions, being hydrocarbon... 

Refers to any of a wide range of petroleum products produced by distillation, as distinct from bottoms, cracked stock, and natural gas liquids. In fuels, a term referring specifically to those products in the mid-boiling range, which include kerosene, turbo fuel, and heating oil-also called middle distillates and distillate fuels. In lubricating oils, a term applied to the various fractions separated under vacuum in a distillation tower for further processing (lube distillate). 

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