Petroleum, catalytic cracking composition

PET, see Polyethylene terephthalate Petit, Rowland, 524 Petroleum, catalytic cracking of, 100 composition of, 99-100 gasoline from. 99-100 history of, 99 refining of, 99-100 Pharmaceuticals, approval procedure for, 165 origin of, 164 Phenol(s), 599... 

A mixture of monolauryl phosphate sodium salt and triethylamine in H20 was treated with glycidol at 80°C for 8 h to give 98% lauryl 2,3-dihydro-xypropyl phosphate sodium salt [304]. Dyeing aids for polyester fibers exist of triethanolamine salts of ethoxylated phenol-styrene adduct phosphate esters [294], Fatty ethanolamide phosphate surfactant are obtained from the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty ethanolamides with phosphorus pentoxide and neutralization of the product [295]. A double bond in the alkyl group of phosphoric acid esters alter the properties of the molecule. Diethylethanolamine salt of oleyl phosphate is effectively used as a dispersant for antimony oxide in a mixture of xylene-type solvent and water. The composition is useful as an additive for preventing functional deterioration of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts for heavy petroleum fractions. When it was allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 month it shows almost no precipitation [241]. 

Petroleum coke is the residue left by the destructive distillation (thermal cracking or coking) of petroleum residua. The coke formed in catalytic cracking operations is usually nonrecoverable because of adherence to the catalyst, as it is often employed as fuel for the process. The composition of coke varies with the source of the crude oil, but in general, is insoluble on organic solvents and has a honeycomb-type appearance. 

In the petroleum industry, catalytic cracking units provide the major source of olefinic fuels for alkylation. A feedstock from a catalytic cracking units is typified by a Ci/C 4 charge with an approximate composition of propane, 12.7% propylene, 23.6% isobmaiie, 25.0% n-bulane, 6.9% isobutylene, 8.8% 1-butylene, 6.9% and 2-butylene, 16.1%. The butylenes will produce alkylates with octane numbers approximately three units higher than those from propylene. 

J. Scherzer and d.P. McArthur "Catalytic Cracking of High Nitrogen Petroleum Feedstocks Effect of Catalyst Composition and Properties", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, p 1571-1576. 

Common synthetic-based raw materials for surfactant production include ethylene, and propylene. Crude oil consists of a complex mixture of long chain hydrocarbons and aromatic molecules. Natural gas is a mixture of short chain hydrocarbons rich in methane, ethane, propane, and butane. The exact composition of both depends on its source and how it has been processed. Ethylene and propylene are produced by thermal or catalytic cracking of natural gas or aromatic rich petroleum streams. 

Pitch is a carbonaceous solid that consists primarily of a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic compounds [14]. Petroleum pitches are residues of crude oil distillation or of catalytic cracking of petroleum distillates. Coal tar pitches are products of the distillation of coal, whereas synthetic pitches are residues of the treatment of other organic substances. Irrespective of origin, all pitch products have complex chemical compositions. 

Another widely used technique for die separation of heavy oils into subcomponents is lEC (Ion Exchange Chromatography). In this method, the petroleum samples are separated into acid, base and neutral fractions. Walton reported this technique in 1992, and it has also been used extensively by Green et al. in studying the relationships between the composition of different feedstocks with product slate and composition in catalytic cracking. The properties of the Hamaca resid from Venezuela and its fractions, using the technique developed by Green, were reported by Rahimi et al. and are shown in Table 6. 

Of the many factors which influence product yields in a fluid catalytic cracker, the feed stock quality and the catalyst composition are of particular interest as they can be controlled only to a limited extent by the refiner. In the past decade there has been a trend towards using heavier feedstocks in the FCC-unit. This trend is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. It is therefore important to study how molecular types, characteristic not only of heavy petroleum oil but also of e.g. coal liquid, shale oil and biomass oil, respond to cracking over catalysts of different compositions. 

Gasoline is usually produced as a blend of several petroleum streams that boil in the range of naphtha. A typical gasoline might contain 50% by volume of cracked naphtha with benzene content between 0.5 wt% and 2.0 wt% and 25% by volume of catalytically reformed naphtha with benzene content between 1 wt% and 3 wt%. Estimate the cost per gallon of gasoline of reducing the final benzene content to 0.62% by volume. Compositions of other components in the naphtha streams can be found in the patent literature. 

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