Petroleum classification

In addition, a method of petroleum classification based on other properties as well as the density of selective fractions has been developed. The method consists of a preliminary examination of the aromatic content of the fraction boiling up to 145°C (295°F), as well as that of the asphaltene content, followed by a more detailed examination of the chemical composition of the naphtha (bp < 200°C < 390°F). For this examination a graph is nsed that is a composite of cnrves expressing the relation among the percentage distillate from the naphtha. 

Table 1.2 Petroleum classification according to chemical composition.

This parameter, along with the Universal Oil Products (UOP) characterization factor, has been used, to some extent, as a means of classifying crude oils. Both parameters are usually employed to give an indication of the paraffinicity of the petroleum. Both have been used, if a subtle differentiation can be made, as a means of petroleum characterization rather than for petroleum classification. 

Barwise, A.J.G., (1990), Role of nickel and vanadium in petroleum classification, Energy Fuel, 4, 647-652. 

For instance, if the sulfur content in a crude oil is high, the petroleum is classified as sour, while if this content is low, the petroleum is termed as sweet. On the other hand, if the API gravity is low, the petroleum is termed as heavy, and if the API gravity is high, the petroleum classification is termed light. ... 

As seen in Chapter 2, mixtures of hydrocarbons and petroleum fractions are analyzed in the laboratory using precise standards published by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and incorporated for the most part into international (ISO), European (EN) and national (NF) collections. We wiil recall below the methods utilizing a classification by boiling point ... 

No method has been devised to estimate with complete accuracy the amount of cmde petroleum that ultimately will be produced from the world s conventional oil and gas fields. Degrees of uncertainty, therefore, should be attached to all such estimates. These uncertainties can be expressed in several ways, the most important of which is achieved by dividing a resource into various categories. Several petroleum resources classifications have been proposed, and a comprehensive discussion of them (1), as well as the definition used in the assessment of the undiscovered resources of the United States (2), have been provided. Seven commonly used categories of resources are given here. 

Classification ofiCocations fior Electrical Installations in Petroleum Refineries, RP 500A, 4th ed., American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1982 ... 

A paraffin wax is a petroleum wax consisting principally of normal alkanes. MicrocrystalHne wax is a petroleum wax containing substantial proportions of branched and cycHc saturated hydrocarbons, in addition to normal alkanes. SernimicrocrystaUine wax contains more branched and cycHc compounds than paraffin wax, but less than microcrystalHne. A classification system based on the refractive index of the wax and its congealing point as... 

Petroleum coke is generahy pulverized for the manufacture of electrodes ring-roher mms with air classification and tube mihs are generahy used. A No. 5057 Raymond ring-roller mih gave an hourly output of 3.8 tons, 78.5 percent through No. 200 sieve, with 67 kW (90 hp). 

API RP 500, Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Division 1 and Division 2, 2nd ed., November 1997 (ANSI/API RP 500-1998)... 

API, RP500, Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities. ... 

To promote uniformity in area classifications for oil and gas drilling and producing facilities, the American Petroleum Institute developed RP 500, Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electri cal Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class 1, Division 1. and Division 2. Figures 17-4 to 17-14 show some common recommended classifications surrounding common production facility equipment as given in RP 500. API RP 500 also provides valuable tutorial information on the philosophies of area classification and the reader is encouraged to become familiar with this publication. 

Foley, L. Ball, L. Hurst, A. Davis, J. and Blockley, D. (1997). Fussiness, Incompleteness and Randomness Classification of Uncertainty in Reservoir Appraisal. Petroleum Geoscience 3 203—209. 

Figure 8-85. Classification of tray area. Used by permission, Bolles, W. L., Petroleum Processing, Feb. thru May (1956).

FPN No. 1) It is important that the authority having Jurisdiction be familiar with recorded industrial experience as well as with standards of the National Fire Protection Association, the American Petroleum Institute, and the Instrument Society of America that may be of use in the classification of various locations, the determination of adequate ventilation, and the protection against static electricity and lightning hazards. 

FPN No. 4) For further information on ventilation, see Plammable and Combustible Liquids Code, NFPA 30-1993 and Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations at Petroleum Eacilities, API RP 500-1991, Section 4.6. 

As a starting point, the book reviews the general properties of the raw materials. This is followed by the different techniques used to convert these raw materials to the intermediates, which are further reacted to produce the petrochemicals. The first chapter deals with the composition and the treatment techniques of natural gas. It also reviews the properties, composition, and classification of various crude oils. Properties of some naturally occurring carbonaceous substances such as coal and tar sand are briefly noted at the end of the chapter. These materials are targeted as future energy and chemical sources when oil and natural gas are depleted. Chapter 2 summarizes the important properties of hydrocarbon intermediates and petroleum fractions obtained from natural gas and crude oils. 

Classification of gas reserves and resources recommended by the World Petroleum Congress in 1987... 

Petroleum oils are offered to the rubber industry to meet two basic processing and compound requirements to act as a processing additive, or to act as a rubber extender and softener. The classification depends upon the oil volume added to the rubber compound. As processing additives, the oil addition level is usually no more than 5-10 phr for additions in excess of this the oils are regarded as extenders. 

In USA the electrical area classification for petroleum facilities is usually defined by the requirement of NEC (NFPA 70), API 500 and NFPA 30 that are similar in content. 

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