Petroleum bitumen

The market for tar-based road binders has declined considerably for a variety of reasons. Less cmde tar is available and the profits from the sales of electrode pitch and wood-preservation creosote or creosote as carbon-black feedstock are higher than those from road tar. In most industrial countries, road constmction in more recent years has been concentrated on high speed motorways. Concrete, petroleum bitumen, or lake asphalt are used in the constmction of these motorways. In the United Kingdom, for example, the use of tar products in road making and maintenance had fallen from 330,000 t in 1960 to 100,000 t in 1975 and is less than 100 t in 1994, mainly based on low temperature pitch which is not suitable for electrode or briquetting binders, but which is perfectly satisfactory as the basis for road binders. 

In mice skin-painting studies, skin tumors were produced by steam-refined petroleum bitumens, an air-refined bitumen in toluene, two cracking residue bimmens, and a pooled mixmre of steam- and air-blown petroleum bitumens. In contrast, standard roofing petroleum asphalts produced no tumors. 

SYNS ASPHALT, at or above its Fp (DOT) ASPHALT FUMES (ACGIH) ASPHALT, PETROLEUM ASPHALTUM BITUMEN (MAK) JUDEAN PITCH MINERAL PITCH PETROLEUM ASPHALT PETROLEUM BITUMEN PETROLEUM PITCH PETROLEUM ROOFING TAR ROAD ASPHALT (DOT)... 

The sugarcane bagasse was provided by United States Sugar Corporation, CIcwiston, Florida. The feedstock was air-dried to 8 wt,% moisture content and then sieved in order to remove the particles smaller than 0.450 mm. The petroleum residue supplied by Shell Canada, Montreal, was a grade 150-200 penetrability petroleum bitumen. 

Synonyms/Trade Names Asphalt Asphaltum, Bitumen (European term), Petroleum asphalt, Petroleum bitumen, Road asphalt. Roofing asphalt ... 

Leahy, J., Drake, J.. and Birkenshaw, C., Structural characteristics of peat bitumen and peat petroleum bitumen blends, and their consideration as potential road binder materials, J. Mai. Sci., 3688-3692 (1990). 

Coal tar pitches are less readily available than they used to be their content of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons makes their safe use suspect. They have been replaced to some extent by the less effective petroleum bitumens whose mechanical properties are improved by combination with poly(vinyl chloride) and other chlorinated polymers as one-pack, nonconvertible coatings, or by combination with epoxy or polyurethanes in high-performance two-pack convertible coatings. Similar materials are preferred for coating ballast spaces and double bottoms in vessels, where economical systems are required that do not have to be attended throughout the lifetime of the vessel (15-25 years). Multiple coats with a total thickness of 250-400 pm are usually employed. 

Synonyms Asphalt, petroleum Asphaltum Bitumen Judean pitch Mineral pitch Petroleum asphalt Petroleum bitumen Petroleum pitch Petroleum roofing tar Road asphalt... 

Petrolatum liquid. See Mineral oil Petrolatum white. See Petrolatum Petroleum asphalt. See Asphalt Petroleum benzin. See Naphtha Petroleum bitumen. See Asphalt Petroleum-derived naphtha. See Naphtha Petroleum distillate. See Petroleum distillates Petroleum distillate, hydrotreated middle. See Petroleum distillates, hydrotreated middle Petroleum distillate light See Petroleum distillates... 

The pure asphalt (Trinidad Epure) is very hard (penetration, 0-2 dmm softening point, 93°C-99 C) to be used alone in the production of bituminous mixtures. Hence, it is mixed with soft crude petroleum bitumen (usually 200 pen [dmm]) in order to produce suitable paving asphalt (a proportion of approximately 50/50 results in a 50-pen asphalt/bitumen). 

Rock asphalt, as natural asphalt in liquid-viscous form, was used historically in engineering works but today its use in road works is rare. Rock asphalt nowadays is used only as an additive to petroleum bitumen. Since it is a very hard material, its use is to harden petroleum bitumen. 

Gilsonite today is a well-known additive for hardening petroleum bitumen. 

Because of its chemical composition, TLA is considered as a thermoplastic material. Apart from hardening the bitumen and making it less temperature susceptible, the addition of TLA to petroleum bitumen improves the asphalt s durability, stability, stiffness, anti-rutting performance and fatigue characteristics. TLA is available in semi-solid state or in pellets. Recently, a new product, in pellet form, was introduced and was found to be suitable for warm asphalt mixtures (Lake Asphalt of Trinidad and Tobago Ltd 2014). 

Source Institute of Petroleum, Bitumen safety code, Model code of safe practice in the petroleum industry. Part 11,4th Edition. London Energy Institute, 2005. 

Petroleum bitumens have been investigated as precursors for carbon fibers [187,188]. The properties of typical petroleum pitches are given in Table 4.10. 

Ungureanu C, Onciu M, Timpu D, Research in carbon fibre s field. 3. Precursors and carbon fibres got from petroleum bitumens, Materiale Plastice, 33(1), 57-65, 1996. 

Petroleum bitumens p9- tro-le-9m bo- tyii-m9n n. Distillation residues derived from crude petroleum. 

Carbonaceous and organic Peat, coals (e.g., lignites, anthracites), petroleum, bitumen, natural gas... 

Carbonaceous matter (i.e., a disordered carbon) is not transformed into pnre carbon until heat treatment at 2000°C. Pure carbons are never found in nature, with the exception of natural graphite. Nevertheless, natural biomass-derived carbonaceous matter is omnipresent as coals, kerogens, soot, and derivatives such as petroleum, bitumen, or asphalt. It is now more than 60 years that the presence of heteroatoms (H,0,S,N) covalently bound to the carbon skeleton has been swept under the rug, at best implicitly they are known to be responsible for many troubles in the interpretation of carbonization and graphitization data. Because heteroatoms are ignored or neglected, the various calculations do not fit well with experiments. It was thus necessary to add adjustable parameters or include additional phases to obtain agreement between theory and experiments. Additional... 

Black Varnish n Any varnish in which the resin component is substituted completely, or in part, by a petroleum bitumen, or natural asphaltum. 

Blown Bitumen Generally regarded as the blown products of petroleum bitumens, which have been previously obtained as residues from the distillation of crude... 

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