Petroleum benzene solubility

Tars can be hydrogenated to produce Hquid fuels. High hydrogen and low asphaltene, ie, benzene-soluble and pentane-iasoluble, contents are desirable. The central German brown coals are attractive for this reason. The tars from the eastern part of Germany require much lower pressures and less hydrogen per unit of product than do brown coals near Cologne, which can require pressures up to 71 MPa (700 atm) (see Petroleum). 

In modern terms, asphaltene is conceptually defined as the normal-pentane-insoluble and benzene-soluble fraction whether it is derived from coal or from petroleum. The generalized concept has been extended to fractions derived from other carbonaceous sources, such as coal and oil shale (8,9). With this extension there has been much effort to define asphaltenes in terms of chemical structure and elemental analysis as well as by the carbonaceous source. It was demonstrated that the elemental compositions of asphaltene fractions precipitated by different solvents from various sources of petroleum vary considerably (see Table I). Figure 1 presents hypothetical structures for asphaltenes derived from oils produced in different regions of the world. Other investigators (10,11) based on a number of analytical methods, such as NMR, GPC, etc., have suggested the hypothetical structure shown in Figure 2. 

Naphthalene and its homologs are less acutely toxic than benzene but are more prevalent for a longer period during oil spills. The toxicity of different crude oils and refined oils depends not only on the total concentration of hydrocarbons but also the hydrocarbon composition in the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of petroleum, water solubility, concentrations of individual components, and toxicity of the components. The water-soluble fractions prepared from different oils wiU vary in these parameters. Water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of refined oils (e.g.. No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C oil) are more toxic than water-soluble fraction of crude oil to several species of fish (killifish and salmon). Compounds with either more rings or methyl substitutions are more toxic than less substituted compounds, but tend to be less water soluble and thus less plentiful in the water-soluble fraction. 

The compound is less volatile than nitroglycerine, practically insoluble in water and petroleum ether, soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether, benzene, and chloroform, and is a good gelatinizer of guncotton. Its explosive strength is close to that of nitroglycerine. 

In modern terms, asphaltene is conceptually defined as the n-pentane-insoluble and benzene-soluble fraction whether it is derived from coal or from petroleum. There are a number of procedures used to isolate asphaltene (2-7), all of which appear to be reproducible (8) but do not necessarily provide equivalent end-products. The similarity between coal- and petroleum-derived asphaltenes begins and ends at the definition of the separation procedure. Puzinauskas and Corbett s (9) comments on asphalt may be paraphrased and applied to asphaltene. They state that the broad solvent classification is unfortunate it leads to misconceptions that petroleum and coal materials are alike, or at least similar. However, these two classes of materials differ not only in their origin, mode of manufacture and uses, but also in their chemical composition and physical behavior. 

Marsden and Kipping described the compound as forming rhomboidal prisms, M,pt. 76 C., soluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, or light petroleum, moderately soluble in alcohol and insoluble in water. 

The bicyclic phosphazene III forms colorless crystals that are stable in air and melt sharply at 124°. The compound is readily soluble in petroleum, benzene, chloroform, and dichloromethane but insoluble in water. The IR spectrum of the compound shows a broad absorption band at 1195 cm" attributable to ring P=N stretching vibration. The H NMR spectrum is discussed in the literature,The P H NMR spectrum is that of an A2BC spin system (8 18-24). The structure of the compound has been established by X-ray crystallography. The crystals are monoclinic with space group C2/c, a = 10.81, b = 17.52, c = 28.48 A, p = 94.8° with eight molecules in the unit cell. 

Properties Orange to dark red solid with characteristic odor. Softens at 64C min, d 1.16. Insoluble in water, gasoline slightly soluble in alcohol and petroleum hydrocarbons soluble in acetone, benzene, chloroform, and carbon disulfide. 

Properties Colorless, hygroscopic liquid with sharp odor. Bp 120C (735 mm Hg), fp -17.5C, d 1.641 (25C), refr index 1.290 (25C), surface tension 15.8 dynes/cm (30C). Miscible with water, acetone, ether, and petroleum ether soluble in benzene and carbon tetrachloride insoluble in carbon disulfide and mineral oil. 

Properties Tensile strength (psi) 32,000-39,000, d 1.14-1.17, break elongation 20-28%, moisture regain 1.5% (21.2C, 65% RH), softens at 235C, soluble in butyrolactone (hot), dimethyl formamide (hot), ethylene carbonate (hot), resistant to mineral acids, fair to good resistance to weak alkalies. Insoluble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide, maleic anhydride, ethylene carbonate, nitriles, and nitrophenols. 

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters. In one of the eluates of the benzene soluble bitumen, obtained with 5% ether in petroleum ether, the presence of an oxygenated series was indicated by high... 

Aliphatic methyl ketones were detected in another of the elu-ates of the benzene soluble bitumen, obtained with 10% ether in petroleum ether. Figure 8 shows the total ionization plot of this eluate (a) together with the mass chromatograms of m/z 43 and 58 (b and c, respectively). The fragmentation ion, m/z 58, is characteristic of aliphatic methyl ketones while the on, m/z 43, may have been derived from both (COCH ) and (C H ). Mass spectra of the GC peaks x> > and z are shown in Figure 9. Comparison of the spectra x and with literature data showed them to be identical to those of and C g isoprenoid ketones, respectively. 

Needles, mp 254-255 (dec). Slightly soluble in cold water, more sol In hot water, hot glacial acetic acid, hot methanol, less sol in ethanol. Insol in light petroleum, benzene, chloroform, uv max (0.IN HjSO ) 220, 260 nm ( 22,400, 10,200). 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES colorless to pale-yellow, oily liquid or crystals faint aniline-like odor becomes red-brown on exposure to air and light slightly soluble in hot water miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, and benzene soluble in dilute acids sparingly soluble in petroleum ether MP (19.5°C, 67°F) BP (243.5 C, 470.3°F decomposes) DN (1.0978 g/mL at 20°C) LSG (1.10) CP (217.0 J/K-mol liquid at 25°C) VD (3.7) VP (1 mmFlg at 71.8°C). 

Narcotin—CggHigN O —413—crystallizes in transparent prisms, almost insoluble in water and in petroleum-ether soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, and chloroform. Its salts are mostly un-crystallizable, unstable, and readily soluble in water and alcohol. 

The OSHA PEL (8-hour TWA) for coal tar pitch volatiles is 0.2 mg/m (benzene-soluble fraction). OSHA defines coal tar pitch volatiles in 29 CFR 1910.1002 as the fused polycyclic hydrocarbons that volatilize from the distillation residues of coal, petroleum (excluding asphalt),... 

The effect of additives on the asphaltene from the Catalytic Incorporated (Cat. Inc.) coal liquid product was studied. Asphaltene is defined as the pentane insoluble but benzene soluble part of the coal liquid. The fractionation procedure has been described in detail elsewhere(l) and is shown schematically in Figure 1. Some work was also done with A240 petroleum pitch. Elemental analysis for the Wyoming sub-bituminous coal. Cat. Inc. coal liquid product, and Cat. Inc. asphaltene and A240 petroleum pitch are shown in Table I. Measured amounts of the additive compounds to be studied were added to the Cat. Inc. asphaltene and petroleum pitch. The samples were pyrolyzed and the pyrolysis residues examined by cross polarized light microscopy. Elemental analyses of the residues were done. 

Solubility Sparingly soluble in water, benzene soluble in ethanol, ether insoluble in petroleum ether UV-Visible ( imax) 420 nm, 435 nm, 620 nm Melting Point 201°C... 

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