Solubility petroleum

Most nonpolar substances have very small water solubilities. Petroleum, a mixture of hydrocarbons, spreads out in a thin film on the surface of a body of water rather than dissolving. The mole fraction of pentane, CsH12, in a saturated water solution is only 0.0001. These low solubilities are readily understood in terms of the structure of liquid water, which you will recall (Chapter 9) is strongly hydrogen-bonded. Dissimilar intermolecular forces between C5H12 (dispersion) and H2O (H bonds) lead to low solubility. 

However, there are some potential effects of spilled oil on fish. The impacfs on fish are primarily to fhe eggs and larvae, wifh limited effecfs on fhe adulls. The sensitivity varies by species pink salmon fry are affected by exposure to water-soluble fractions of crnde oil, and pink salmon eggs are very tolerant to benzene and water-soluble petroleum. The general effects are difficnlt to assess and document quantitatively, dne to the seasonal and natural variability of the species. Fish rapidly metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons, due to their enzyme system. 

Brown acid oil-soluble petroleum sulfonates found in acid sludge that can be recovered by extraction with naphtha solvent. Brown-acid sulfonates are somewhat similar to mahogany sulfonates but are more water soluble. In the dry, oil-free state, the sodium soaps are light-colored powders. 

I Burner fuel stabilized with an oil-soluble petroleum sulfonate (Witco Petronate CR) in 1% NaCI was studied. Table 1 lists the variables and their ranges for the single-stage kinetic studies. A detailed description of the equipment, materials, and procedures has been presented by Byeseda.8... 

Sample Preparation. Petroleum oils were extracted with acidified methanol, according to a procedure previously described (14). Samples of sea water containing soluble petroleum oil fractions were prepared by gently spreading an oil layer (1-2 mm thick) on fresh sea water contained in a 4 liter Pyrex beaker. 

Surfactants used as detergents in dry cleaning must, of course, be soluble in the solvent used as the bath liquid. They are often added as solutions in some suitable solvent. Surfactants used for this purpose include solvent-soluble petroleum sulfonates, sodium and amine salts of alkylarylsulfonates, sodium sulfosucci-nates, POE phosphate esters, sorbitan esters, POE amides, and POE alkylphenols (Martin, 1965). 

Rehabilitation of Groundwater Removal of Soluble Petroleum Constituents through Soil Application... 

Sorption/Desorption of Soluble Petroleum Constituents by Materials Used in Monitoring Wells... 

For example, the cyclic compounds are soluble in petroleum ether and can be extracted into it. The linear polymers are not readily soluble and are left behind. Extraction of the soluble petroleum portion with concentrated H2SO4 removes N3P3CI6 because of its greater basicity. However, the higher-membered rings cannot be separated from each other by basicity differences. This has to be accomplished by vacuum distillation. 

Baker (1970) reported that oil pollution effects vary according to the type and amount of oil involved, the degree of weathering, the time of the year, the plant species concerned and the age of the plant. Cowell (1977) include the physical and chemical properties of the oil as well as the quantity of the water being polluted. The water soluble fraction of crude oils has been found to reduce the growth rate of biomas turnover of some marcophytes (Gunlack and Hayes, 1977). Kauss and Hutchinson (1975) found that aquatic macrophytes population was reduced in the presence of water-soluble petroleum components. The inhibitory effects of petroleum components are known to be dependent upon the concentration of the crude oil as well as that of water soluble components (Shew, 1977). 

Water soluble Petroleum waxes Japan 10,995 1966 Toa Neuryo Kogyo... 

Kauss, P.B., and T.C. Hutchinson. 1975. The effects of water-soluble petroleum components on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck. Environmental Pollution 9 157-174. 

American Society for Testing and Materials, Analysis of oil-soluble petroleum sulfonates by LC, D3712-91. West Conshohocken, PA 19428. 

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