Pesticides, Herbicide, and Fungicides

In addition, they have potential applications as an additive in soils, for heavy metal adsorption [24] and as carrier in pesticides, herbicides and fungicides. Based on such adsorbing characteristics, zeolites have also been effective as additive in animal feeds to act as a detoxing agent, e.g., Clinoptilolite. Zeolites exhibit possibilities of applications in animal sheds for adsorbing hydrogen sulphides and subsequent odour control in the surrounding environment. 

W. J. Hayes, Jr., and E. R. Laws, Jr., eds.. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., 1990. Three volume set provides detailed toxicological profiles of more than 250 insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides each compound described by identity, properties, and uses toxicity to humans, laboratory animals, domestic animals, and wildlife includes comprehensive coverage of diagnosis, treatment, prevention of injury, effects on domestic animals, wildlife, and humans - ISjOOO references. 

In addition to conventional pesticides such as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, there are other chemicals classified as pesticides and regulated under FIFRA. These chemicals include wood preservatives, disinfectants (excluding chlorine), and sulfur. In the United States these chemicals have aimual usage of about 500,000 t, which is equal to conventional pesticides. 

Pesticides, including insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides, are widely used in agriculture, and the potential for these residues to accumulate in food has led to concern for human safety. Pesticide residues may enter food animals from environmental sources or from treated or contaminated feeds. Immunoassay development for pesticides has had major impacts for pesticide registrations, analysis of residues in foods, monitoring environmental contamination, determination of occupational exposure, and integration of pest management. 

Strong acids include battery acid, murintic acid, and hydrochloric acid. Weak acids include acetic acid, toilet bowl cleaner, and lactic acid. Banned pesticides include Silvex, Mirex, Aldrin, Chlordane, DDT, and Heptachlor. Caustics include oven cleaner and drain cleaner. Flammables include alcohol, acetone, turpentine, lacquer, and paint thinner. Pesticides include rodent poisons, insecticides, weed killer, and other herbicides and fungicides. Pesticide containers should be triple-rinsed, and the contents sprayed on crops or yard, before discarding. 

The agricultural use of pesticides such as insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides has clearly reduced crop losses due to insects, weeds, and plant diseases in the US and throughout the world. The benefits from agricultural pesticides include improved crop yields, greater availability of fruits, vegetables, and grains, and lower consumer costs (Ecobichon, 1996). 

Improved crop varieties and protection methods have demanded the application of many herbicides and fungicides to attain increased crop yields, decreased food costs, and enhanced appearance of food. Without proper controls, however, the residues of some pesticides on foods can create potential health risks. Proper application of herbicides and fungicides (as discussed previously) has not only lead to increased crop yield but also has reduced the hazards of persistent pesticides, such as organochlorine insecticides. However, further studies are needed to arrive at meaningful conclusions before establishing a safety in toto to biological systems and the environment. 

Pesticide An agent used to exterminate pests of various types. Includes insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. 

Of the 750 million pounds of pesticides used in 1964, insecticides accounted for nearly half, with herbicides and fungicides comprising most of the balance (23). The markets for fungicides and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides have apparently reached a peak while the markets for organophosphorus insecticides and herbicides are increasing. It is predicted that the domestic use of herbicides will far surpass that of insecticides within a few years. 

The combination of the health-relevant time-window and the toxicokinetic properties of the agent of interest determine the optimal exposure assessment strategy. Dioxin, a contaminant of chlorophenoxy herbicides and fungicides, has a relatively long biological half-life, estimated at about seven years and is measurable in serum. Serum measurements of dioxin are therefore relatively stable, and simple first-order kinetics have been used to back-estimate serum dioxin levels on the basis of an occupational history. Such exposure data have been used quite successfully in epidemiological analyses of cohorts of pesticide producers (Hooiveld et al, 1998). 

Computer-aided design of herbicides and fungicides 89MI5. Structure-activity correlation analysis of pesticides 87YGK1107. Azines as pesticides 89MI1. 

Chapter 5 discusses the different pesticide classification schemes, the different methods used to estimate their toxicity, and the specific mode of action of the different chemical groups of pesticides. This chapter also discusses the three main functional groups of pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) and the characteristics of various products in each group. 

The Oil of Javanicus was of high purity and passed all toxicity tests It was superior in safety evaluations to conventional plant oils, which always contain very small residual amounts of pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides from the various sprays that are used on such crops. These levels, though, are always below the recommended threshold values laid down by regulatory authorities. Being cultivated in fermenters, M. circinelloides does not, of course, need to be sprayed with any chemical pesticide, herbicide, or fungicide. 

Copper has been used as a pesticide since the 1700s. Copper sulfate has herbicidal and fungicidal properties It inactivates critical enzyme systems in fungi, algae, and other plants. 

Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, sodium salt Diconirt Diconirt D Dikonirt Dikonirt D EINECS 220-290-4 EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 030004 Fernoxene Fernoxone Hormit Pielik E Pielika Sodium 2,4-D Sodium 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate Spray-hormite Spritz-hormit U-46-D-Fluid. Herbicide, Registered by EPA as a herbicide and fungicide. Aquacide Co. Farnam Companies Inc. Nufarm Americas Inc Riverdale Chemical Co. 

---