Pesticides pest resistance

G. P. Georghiou and T. Saito, eds.. Pest Resistance to Pesticides, Plenum Press, New York, 1984. 

Brown, A.W.A. (1971). Pest resistance to pesticides In Pesticides in the Environment, R. White-Stevens (Ed.) Dekker New York, 437-551. 

Georghlou, G. P. Salto, T. Eds. "Pest Resistance to Pesticides", Plenum Press New York, 1983. 

There are serious challenges in certain cropping systems due to the development of insect, disease, and weed resistance to pesticides. As a result, farmers are alternating modes of action of pesticides in order to reduce the development of pest resistance. The use of alternate mode of action pesticides to manage resistant pests varies with different crops and ranges from 30 to 72% of crop acres (Table 32.5). 

Gilpatrick, J.D. 1983. Management of resistance in plant pathogens. Pages 735-767 In "Pest Resistance to Pesticides". G.P. Georghiou and T. Salto, eds. Plenum Press, N.Y. 809 pp. 

Bellinger, R. G. 1996. Pest Resistance to Pesticides. Clemson University Pesticide Information Program. http //entweb.clemson.edu/pesticid/Issues/pestrest.pdf (accessed June 15, 2006). 

Yamamoto, Eds. Pest Resistance to Pesticides. New York Academic Press, (in press)... 

The environmental protection agencies of most countries have identified agriculture as the largest nonpoint source of surface water pollution. This is a major problem in each country. Pesticides and nitrates from fertilizers are detected in the groundwater in many agricultural regions. Soil erosion is a concern in many countries. Pest resistance to pesticides continues to grow, and the problem of pesticide residues in food has yet to be resolved. All nations are more competitive in international markets than a few years ago. 

Growing populations need ever more food, produced by ever more efficient agriculture. We demand high crop yields and low prices. Use of fertilizers and pesticides, together with selective breeding of productive and pest-resistant varieties of crops, help to produce increased yields. But some 40 percent of the world s crops are still lost to pests and disease before they come... 

Snicide deaths and impnlsive acts of self-harm associated with pesticides have cansed increasing global concern. It has been reported that deliberate ingestion associated with pesticides has resnlted in 2-3 million hospital admissions and about 220,000 deaths each year. In recent years, pesticides have been used in a spate of suicides in some parts of India (Andhra Pradesh). Pest resistance and resurgence (mainly on cotton crops) and abuse of pesticides because of lack of strict market regulation of toxic chemicals like pesticides have been found to be the causative factors of human poisonings. 

Croft, B.A. and Strickler, K., Natural enemy resistance to pesticides Documentation, characterization, theory and application, in Pest resistance to pesticides, Georghiou, G.P. and Saito, T., Eds., New York Plenum Press, 1983, p. 669. 

Georghiou, G.P. and Saito, T., Pest resistance to pesticides., Plenum Press, New York, 1983. 

Not every pesticide failure is caused by pest resistance. Make sure that you have used the correct pesticide and the correct dosage, and have applied the pesticide correctly. Also, remember that the pests that are present may be part of a new infestation that occurred after the chemical was applied. 

Although they are not pesticides, kelp, seaweed, and micronutrient sprays can help make plants more pest resistant by improving their overall health. Often described as growth enhancers, these products provide an extensive menu of nutrients such as iron and boron that plants need, in very small amounts, for proper growth and development. 

Since neem generally must be ingested for it to be toxic, its effect on spiders, honeybees, and other beneficial creatures is usually minimal. It can, however, sometimes harm parasites that prey on insects that have eaten neem-sprayed foliage. It s possible that repeated use of neem could also lead to pest resistance, as it has with other pesticide.s. To minimize the chance of affecting beneficials and encouraging pest re.sistance, use neem sprays only when absolutely necessary, and only on plants that you know contain pest insects. Alternating neem sprays with insecticidal soap or other treatments may be most effective. 

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