Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor inflammation

Fruchart JC, Duriez P, Staels B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activators regulate genes governing lipoprotein metabolism, vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999 10 245-257. 

While the thiazolidindiones enhance insulin-mediated glucose transport via binding to the peroxisome proliferator-activating receptor (PPAR-y), the presence of this receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells, inflammatory cells, and endothelial cells likely facilitates the drug s ability to inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, reduce inflammation, improve dyslipidemia, and, by extension, reduce in-stent restenosis. 

Cuzzocrea, S., Mazzon, E., Di Paola, R., Peli, A., Bonato, A., Britti, D., Genovese, T., Muia, C., Crisafulli, C., and Caputi, A. P. (2006). The role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha) in the regulation of acute inflammation.. Leukoc. Biol. 79, 999-1010. Daynes, R. A., andjones, D. C. (2002). Emerging roles of PPARs in inflammation and immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2, 748-759. 

Desreumaux, P., Dubuquoy, L., Nutten, S., Peuchmaur, M., Englaro, W., Schoonjans, K., Derijard, B., Desvergne, B., Wahli, W., Chambon, P., Leibowitz, M. D., Colombel, J. F., et al. (2001). Attenuation of colon inflammation through activators of the retinoid X receptor (RXR)/ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) heterodimer. A basis for new... 

Kielian, T., and Drew, P. D. (2003). Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists on central nervous system inflammation. J. Neurosci. Res. 71, 315-325. 

Park, S. W., Yi, J. H., Miranpuri, G., Satriotomo, I., Bowen, K., Resnick, D. K., and Vemuganti, R. (2007). Thiazolidinedione class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists prevents neuronal damage, motor dysfunction, myelin loss, neuropathic pain, and inflammation after spinal cord injury in adult rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 320, 1002—1012. 

Woerly, G., Honda, K., Loyens, M., Papin, J. P., Auwerx, J., Staels, B., Capron, M., and Dombrowicz, D. (2003). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma down-regulate allergic inflammation and eosinophil activation.. Exp. Med. 198, 411—421 -... 

Sheu, M.Y., Fowler, A.J., Kao, J. et al. Topical peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha activators reduce inflammation in irritant and allergic contact dermatitis models. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2002, 118 94-101. 

Libby P, Plutzky J. Inflammation in diabetes mellitus Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-[alpha] and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-[gamma] agonists. The Am. 1. Cardiol. 2007 99 27-40. 

Pasceri V, Wu HD, Willerson IT, et al. (2000) Modulation of vascular inflammation in vitro and in vivo by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activators. Circulation 10 235—238... 

Ram, V.J. (2003) Therapeutic role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in obesity, diabetes and inflammation. Progress in Drug Research, 60, 93-102. 

Chinetti, G., Fruchart, J.C. and Staels, B. (2000) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) nuclear receptors atthe crossroads between lipid metabolism and inflammation. Inflammation Research, 49, 497-505. 

As stated in Chapter 7, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptor proteins that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of genes associated with cell differentiation, inflammation. 

Derijard, B. Desvergne, W. Wahli, P. Chambon, et al. Attenuation of Colon Inflammation through Activators of the Retinoid X Receptor (RXR)/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor y (PPARy) Heterodimer. A Basis for New Therapeutic Strategies,... 

Experimental studies indicate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors may have a preventive role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating cytokine production, adhesion molecule expression on endothelial cells, fibrinolysis, modulation of monocyte-derived macrophages, and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (Loviscach and Henry 1999, Law et al. 2000). Elangbam et al. (2001) reviewed the current understanding of how peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are involved in modulating inflammation and atherosclerosis, and their possible therapeutic imphcations. 

Moraes LA, Piqueras L, Bishop-Bailey D (2006) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 110 371-385... 

Aleman, G., Torres, N., and Tovar A, R. 2004. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in obesity, and insulin resistance development Rev Invest Clin 56 351-367. An, C., Wang, H., Liu, X. et al. 2009. Serum retinol binding protein 4 is elevated and positively associated with insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. Endocr J 56 987-996. Balagopal, P., Graham, T. E., Kahn, B. B. et al. 2007. Reduction of elevated serum retinol binding protein in obese children by lifestyle intervention Association with subchnical inflammation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92 1971-1974. 

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