Performance flowcharts

All five elements combine to help ensure that the tolling operation is performed safely, efficiently, and in an environmentally sound manner. The ultimate reward to industry for embracing applicable good practices presented in this guideline is a vibrant business with minimized risk. The flowchart on page 3 shows the basic process for tolling as presented in this guideline. 

Many of these applications require tasks or parts of a task to be categorized according to the SRK scheme. Although this is difficult in some cases, a simple flowchart may assist in this process. This is given in Figure 2.8. This assumes that the tasks will be performed by a worker of average competence. This assumption is necessary, since the actual mode that the task will be performed in (skill, rule, or knowledge) obviously depends on the characteristics of the individual (how well trained, how capable) as well as the task. 

As process plants become more complex, it becomes apparent that it is not possible to rely exclusively on the process worker s skills and memory required to perform the task. Job aids and procedures are devices which aim to reduce the need for human retention of procedures and references as well as the amount of decision making required. Job aids assume a variety of formats including flowcharts, checklists, decision tables, etc., while procedures refer to other systems of documentation such as standard operating instmctions and emergency procedures. 

Fig. 2.4 (A) Flowchart showing the basic operations required to perform an SCF calculation. (B) Flowchart showing the steps required to carry out the same calculation using LMOs.

Let P be a recursion augmented flowchart scheme. Show that if P is a macroexpansion of P, then P is strongly equivalent to P (Corollary 7.14). Give an algorithm for performing a complete first level mcroexpan-sion of P. ... 

PERT (Performance Evaluation Review, and Tracking) and CPM (Critical Path Method) charts (flowcharts) show the flow, connectivity, and interdependency of project tasks, activities, and goals. A PERT chart (Figure 27.9) depicts the activities in the order that they will need to be carried out, either in series or in parallel. These charts also identify which activities need to be completed (or initiated) before the next activity, which is dependent on it, can be initiated. 

Given a process description, (a) draw and fully label a flowchart (b) choose a convenient basis of calculation (c) for a multiple-unit process, identify the subsystems for which balances might be written (d) perform the degree-of-freedom analysis for the overall system... 

To perform a degree-of-freedom analysis, draw and completely label a flowchart, count the unknown variables on the chart, then count the independent tq xz.. on relating them, and subtract the second number from the first. The result is the number of degrees of freedom of the process, df (= unknowns rtindep eqns)- T ere are three possibilities ... 

Do the algebra. The four equations may be solved manually or with equation-solving software. If a manual solution is performed, each newly calculated variable value should be written on the flowchart for ease of reference in the remainder of the solution. The results are th 1744 kg/h, mB3 62.8 kg benzene/fa, m2 = 766kg/h, and thn = 915 kg toluene/h. Verify.) A total mass balance (which is the sum of the benzene and toluene balances) may be written as a check on this solution ... 

Every chemical process analysis involves writing and solving material balances to account for all process species in feed and product streams. This chapter outlines and illustrates a systematic approach to material balance calculations. The procedure is to draw and label a flowchart, perform a degree-of-freedom analysis to verify that enough equations can be written to solve for all unknown process variables, and write and solve the equations. 

To perform a degree-of-freedom analysis on a single-unit nonreactive process, count unknown variables on the flowchart, then subtract independent relations among them. The difference, which equals the number of degrees of freedom for the process, must equal zero for a unique solution of the problem to be determinable. Relations include material balances (as many as there are independent species in the feed and product streams), process specifications, density relations between labeled masses and volumes, and physical constraints (e.g., the sum of the component mass or mole fractions of a stream must add up to 1.)... 

For a process system that involves a single condensable component, a vapor-liquid phase change, and specified or requested values of feed or product stream properties (temperature, pressure, dew point, relative saturation or humidity, degrees of superheat, etc.), draw and label the flowchart, carry out the degree-of-freedom analysis, and perform the required calculations. 

Given a description of any nonreactive process for which tabulated specific internal energies or specific enthalpies are available at all input and output states for all process species, (a) draw and completely label a flowchart, including Q and W (or Q and for an open system) if their values are either specified or called for in a problem statement (b) perform a degree-of-freedom analysis and (c) write the necessary equations (including the appropriately simplified energy balance) to determine all requested variables. 

Given any nonreactive process for which the required heal transfer Q or heat transfer rate Q is to be calculated, (a) draw and label the flowchart, including Q oi Q m the labeling (b) carry out a degree-of-freedom analysis (c) write the material and energy balances and other equations you would use to solve for all requested quantities (d) perform the calculations and (e) list the assumptions and approximations built into your calculations. 

To perform energy balance calculations on a reactive system, proceed much as you did for nonreactive systems (a) draw and label a flowchart (b) use material balances and phase equilibrium relationships such as Raoult s law to determine as many stream component amounts or flow rates as possible (c) choose reference states for specific enthalpy (or internal energy) calculations and prepare and fill in an inlet-outlet enthalpy (or internal energy) table and (d) calculate AH (or AC/ or A/C), substitute the calculated value in the appropriate form of the energy balance equation, and complete the required calculation. 

Two methods are commonly used to choose reference states for enthalpy calculations and to calculate specific enthalpies and AW. We outline the two approaches below, using a propane combustion process to illustrate them. For simplicity, the material balance calculations for the illustrative process have been performed and the results incorporated into the flowchart. 

The flowchart for the absorber involves seven unknown variables (mo and rha- having been determined in Problem 12.5). Write the seven equations you would use to calculate those variables, notii that the amounts of chlorine and water in the head space are constant and so do not enter into steady-state material balances. Then solve the equations. Note Trial-and-error will be required as part of the solution. An equation-solving program or spreadsheet is a convenient tool for performing the required calculations.)... 

Prior to beginning validation, controls should exist to ensure that the method has been properly developed and is capable of the objectives outlined prior to beginning the method development endeavor. Because validation is considered a good manufacturing practice (GMP) activity, validation experiments must be properly documented and performed on qualified and calibrated instrumentation and equipment. At this stage, there should be documented evidence that the method is robust. A generalized flowchart of the validation process is detailed in Figure 1. 

A special case of mapping tools are the ETL systems. An ETL system is a tool designed to perform large-scale extract-transform-load operations. The transformation performed by an ETL system is typically described by a graph flowchart in which each node represents a specific primitive transformation and the edges between the nodes represent flow of data produced as a result of a primitive operator and fed as input in another. Figure 9.3 illustrates such a data flowchart. The... 

Figure 8 Flowchart for performing a virtual screen using DOCK.

Some people are also very concerned about the potential environmental effects of aquaculture operations. A USDA advisory committee on aquatic biotechnology and environmental safety recently drew up a set of performance standards and logic flowcharts for safely conducting research with genetically modified fish and shellfish (ABRAC). This effort was especially noteworthy because it enjoyed the collective support of the aquatic research community, private industry, environmental interest groups, and state natural resource officials. 

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