Perfluorocarbon emulsion

H.P. Shukla, R.P. Mason, D.E. Woessner, P.P. Antich, A comparison of three commercial perfluorocarbon emulsions as high field NMR probes of oxygen tension and temperature, J. Magn. Reson. Series B. 106 (1995) 131-141. 

R.P. Mason, F.M.H. Jeffrey, C.R. Malloy, E.E. Babcock, P.P. Antich, A noninvasive assessment of myocardial oxygen tension F NMR spectroscopy of sequestered perfluorocarbon emulsion, Magn. Reson. Med. 27 (1992) 310-317. 

P.S. Hees, C.H. Sotak, Assessment of changes In murine tumor oxygenation in response to nicotinamide using F NMR relaxometry of a perfluorocarbon emulsion, Magn. Reson. Med. 29 (1993) 303-310and erratum 329 716 (1993). 

M.Q. Huang, Q. Ye, D.S. Williams, C. Ho, MRI of lungs using partial liquid ventilation with water-in-perfluorocarbon emulsions, Magn. Reson. Med. 48 (2002) 487-492. 

H.P. Shukla, Application of Perfluorocarbon Emulsions as Fluorine-19 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Molecular Probes of Cardiac Tissue Oxygen Tension, University of Texas Southwestern Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1994Ph.D.. 

J.G. Riess, Understanding the fundamentals of perfluorocarbons and perfluorocarbon emulsions relevant to in vivo oxygen delivery, Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immob. Biotech. 33 (2005) 47-63. 

Blood Substitutes. Researchers in lapan (Fukushima Medical Center) and in other institutions in Europe and North America have been investigating substances that, in major characteristics, may serve as a substitute for blood, particularly in emergency situations where rare blood types are not immediately available to severely ill patients who require transfusions. For example, in early 1979, a lapanese patient with a rare O-negative blood was given an infusion of one liter of a new, oxygenated perfluorocarbon emulsion. This compound carried oxygen through the patient s circulatory system until the rare blood could be obtained. 

McCreath, G. E., Chase, H. A., and Lowe, C. R. (1992). Novel affinity separations based on perfluorocarbon emulsion—use of perfluorocarbon affinity emulsions for the direct extraction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from homogenized Baker s yeast.. Chromatogr. 659, 275-287. 

Perfluorocarbon Emulsions (Fluorocarbon-in -Water Emulsions) Selected Topical Formulations Based on o/w or w/o Emulsions ... 

Table 2 Perfluorocarbon emulsions having reached some degree of commercial development...

Weers, J.G. Liu, J. Fields, T. Resch, P. Cavin, J. Arlaus-kas, R.A. Room temperature stable perfluorocarbon emulsions with acceptable half-lives in the reticuloendothelial system. Artif Cells Blood Subst. Immob. Biotech. 1994, 22, 1175-1182. 

Hammerschmidt, D.E. Vercellotti, G.M. Limitation of complement activation by perfluorocarbon emulsions superiority of lecithin-emulsified preparations. Biomat. Artif Cells Artif Organs 1988, 16, 431 38. 

Cochran, R.P. Kunzelman, K.S. Vocelka, C.R. Akimoto, H. Thomas, R. Soltow, L.O. Spiess, B.D. Perfluorocarbon emulsion in the cardiopulmonary bypass prime reduces neurologic injury. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1997, 63, 1326-1332. 

Washington, C. King, S.M. Heenan, R.K. Structure of block copolymers adsorbed to perfluorocarbon emulsions. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1996, 100, 7603-7609. 

Washington, C. King, S.M. Effect of electrolytes and temperature on the structure of a poly(ethylene oxide) poly(propylene oxide) poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer adsorbed to a perfluorocarbon emulsion. Langmuir 1997, 13, 4545-4550. 

Transient thrombocytopenia can occur 3-4 days after perfluorocarbon (10). In several studies the fall in platelet count was 30-40%, and platelet counts returned to normal in 7-10 days. The use of radioactively labelled platelets showed increased platelet clearance, thought to be due to alteration of the platelet surface by the perfluorocarbon emulsion. 

Another approach to this problem is to use an oxygen-carrying perfluorocarbon emulsion that has been around since 1966. At that time, its oxygen-holding power was demonstrated by the fact that mice could breathe oxygen and survive when... 

Doppler imaging of blood flow. Besides microbubbies, a targeted perfluorocarbon emulsion also showed an increase of back-scattering upon accumulation and can thus be considered an acoustic mirror [10]. 

It is particularly good for colloids, emulsions and particles. Samples separated thus far include lattices, latex aggregates, silica sols, alkyd resins, perfluorocarbon emulsions, milk, carbon particles, hematite, clay, water-borne particles, liposomes, subcellular particles, viruses, and polymerized proteins. 

A large number of perfluorinated heterocyclic compounds was prepared (mostly using ECF technology) in 1970-1990 during the quest for the best materials to be used as oxygen carriers in perfluorocarbon emulsions, so-called blood substitutes (for detailed review on this effort, see Ref. 34). The list of synthesized materials includes perfluorinated A-alkyl(cycloalkyl) pyrrolidines, oxazolidines, piperidines and... 

Other xenon experiments to explore the possibility of diagnosing cancerous tissues were carried out by injecting HP xenon dissolved in either saline or perfluoro octyl bromide emulsions and then injected into two types of tumors in rats and mice. " The perfluorocarbon emulsion is preferred because xenon s resonance in this medium occurs at a much different position (approximately 110 ppm) than that of xenon located in a tissue or tumor (near 200 ppm). A broad peak near 140 ppm was observed for xenon in RIF-1 tumors in mice. 

Figure 14 F spectmm of perfluorocarbon emulsion FC-43 containing 20(w/v)% perfluorotributylamine and Pluronic F-68 as emulsifier the position of trifluoroethanol line is indi cated. (Adapted from Ref. 106.)...

One of our designer materials is a CaP04-sheUed retrievable nanoreactor based on a DOPA-stabilized perfluorocarbon emulsion (see Table 15.1). Others include protein, polysaccharide, and polyethylene glycol-coated retrievable nanoreactors. Each contains a perfluoroocytlbromide core surrounded by one or more lipid stabilizers and a secondary coating (Table 15.1). 

FIGURE 15.2 Comparison of the concentration of dissolved oxygen in actual CaP04 rOC, uncoated perfluorocarbon emulsions, and calculated. 

Freire M, Dias A, Coutinho A, Coelho M, Marrucho I. Enzymatic method fa- determining oxygen solubihty in perfluorocarbon emulsions. Fluid Phase Equihbr 2005 231 109-13. 

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