Perborates

The reaction of borate salts with hydrogen peroxide in alkaline aqueous solution results in formation of peroxoborates. This reaction is rapid and occurs by nucleophilic attack of the perhydroxyl anion on boric acid, 

The only significant peroxoborate species present in dilute solution is the [(HOlsBOOHj anion (Fig. 22). Peroxoborate salts, commonly referred to as perborates, can be selectively crystallized from solution as various alkali and 

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Prepared by use of HjOj or by electrolytic oxidation. Persulphuric acids, perborates, are of importance. (Permanganates, perchlorates and periodates are not salts of per-acids.) Organic per-acids are prepared similarly. The... 

By far the most commercially important boron compound in terms of dollar sales is Na2B407.5H20. This pentahydrate is used in very large quantities in the manufacture of insulation fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach. 

Detecting the presence of small, even invisible, amounts of blood is routine. Physical characteristics of dried stains give minimal information, however, as dried blood can take on many hues. Many of the chemical tests for the presence of blood rely on the catalytic peroxidase activity of heme (56,57). Minute quantities of blood catalyze oxidation reactions between colorless materials, eg, phenolphthalein, luco malachite green, luminol, etc, to colored or luminescent ones. The oxidant is typically hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate (see Automated instrumentation,hematology). 

Bis (trimethyl silyl) peroxide (CH2)3SiOOSi(CH2)3 can be used with triflic acid (CF SO H) and acts as an effective hydroxylating agent of aromatics such as toluene, mesitylene and naphthalene (165). Sodium perborate (a safe and inexpensive commercial chemical) can be used in conjunction with the triflic acid to hydroxylate aromatics (166). 

Neutralizing Lotion. The principal active ingredient of cold wave neutralizers is usually an oxidizing agent. The most popular is hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1J, employed at a concentration of 1—2% it continues to find widespread use. Aqueous solutions of sodium bromate [7789-38-0] at a concentration of 10—20% occasionally are used and are technically preferred over the peroxide formulations because of excellent stabiUty and absence of hair bleaching. Neutralizing powders appear to be on the decline but formulations stiU in use consist of sodium perborate [7632-04-4] combined with hexametaphosphates to improve solubiUty in hard water. 

Lighter C —Cg a-olefias and Cg branched olefins are converted by the oxo process into fatty acids containing one carbon number greater than the starting a-olefin. These fatty acids are then used to produce alkenylhen enesulfonic acid products which are used ia the United States and ia Europe as perborate bleach activators ia heavy-duty laundry detergents. 

Sodium Peroxoborate Tetrahydrate. The compound sodium peroxoborate tetrahydrate [28962-65-4] (sodium perborate trihydrate), Na2B2(02)2[(0H)J 4H20, was formerly written as NaBO 3H20. A number of procedures have been pubHshed (13) for producing this hydrate most... 

Sodium Peroxoborate. Sodium peroxoborate [10332-33-9] (sodium perborate monohydrate), Na2[82(02)2(011)4], formerly written as NaBO H20, is known only as a microcrystalline powder, made by dehydrating the hexahydrate. The crystal stmcture has not been deterrnined, but the vibrational spectmm (27) indicates the presence of the same cycHc peroxodiborate anion (4) as that in the hexahydrate as well as in the tetrahydrate. 

Anhydrous Sodium Perborate. Anhydrous sodium perborate [7632-04-4] NaBO, is an ill-defined, powdery material, made by heating... 

Precipitate formation can occur upon contact of iajection water ions and counterions ia formation fluids. Soflds initially preseat ia the iajectioa fluid, bacterial corrosioa products, and corrosion products from metal surfaces ia the iajectioa system can all reduce near-weUbore permeability. Injectivity may also be reduced by bacterial slime that can grow on polymer deposits left ia the wellbore and adjacent rock. Strong oxidising agents such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate, and occasionally sodium hypochlorite can be used to remove these bacterial deposits (16—18). 

Nitroso compounds are formed selectively via the oxidation of a primary aromatic amine with Caro s acid [7722-86-3] (H2SO ) or Oxone (Du Pont trademark) monopersulfate compound (2KHSO KHSO K SO aniline black [13007-86-8] is obtained if the oxidation is carried out with salts of persulfiiric acid (31). Oxidation of aromatic amines to nitro compounds can be carried out with peroxytrifluoroacetic acid (32). Hydrogen peroxide with acetonitrile converts aniline in a methanol solution to azoxybenzene [495-48-7] (33), perborate in glacial acetic acid yields azobenzene [103-33-3] (34). 

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