Perborate salts

In the work conducted by Chandrasekaran, " initiators for solvent-based polymerization included aliphatic and aromatic peroxy compounds, including fluorine and chlorine substituted organic peroxides. Specific examples are acetyl peroxide, succinic acid peroxide, 2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, t-butylper-oxypivalate, decanoyl peroxide, trichloroacetyl peroxide, and perfluoropropionyl peroxide. Aqueous polymerization was conducted using persulfate, perphosphate and perborate salts of sodium, potassium. 

Sometimes rather than having an instantly available breaker it is desirable to develop one that is encapsulated or coated with a membrane material that delays its release into solution. Another way of slowing breaker release is to employ a granule. A means of achieving this with perborate is to make a pellet or prill from granules of a sparingly soluble perborate salt, for example, calcium perborate [77]. 

Prepared by use of HjOj or by electrolytic oxidation. Persulphuric acids, perborates, are of importance. (Permanganates, perchlorates and periodates are not salts of per-acids.) Organic per-acids are prepared similarly. The... 

Nitroso compounds are formed selectively via the oxidation of a primary aromatic amine with Caro s acid [7722-86-3] (H2SO ) or Oxone (Du Pont trademark) monopersulfate compound (2KHSO KHSO K SO aniline black [13007-86-8] is obtained if the oxidation is carried out with salts of persulfiiric acid (31). Oxidation of aromatic amines to nitro compounds can be carried out with peroxytrifluoroacetic acid (32). Hydrogen peroxide with acetonitrile converts aniline in a methanol solution to azoxybenzene [495-48-7] (33), perborate in glacial acetic acid yields azobenzene [103-33-3] (34). 

Sodium perborate monohydrate, NaBO H2O or Na2B2(02)2(0H)4, 16.0 wt % active oxygen, is commercially prepared by dehydration of the tetrahydrate. The monohydrate has the same peroxyborate anion (7), as the higher hydrates and is the anhydrous sodium salt of this anion. Further dehydration results in decomposition of the peroxyborate. 

World production expressed as 100% H2O2 approached 1.9 million tonnes in 1994 of which half was in Europe and one-fifth in the USA. The earliest and still the largest industrial use for H2O2 is as a bleach for textiles, paper pulp, straw, leather, oils and fats, etc. Domestic use as a hair bleach and a mild disinfectant has diminished somewhat. Hydrogen peroxide is also extensively used to manufacture chemicals, notably sodium perborate (p. 206) and percarbonate, which are major constituents of most domestic detergents at least in the UK and Europe. Normal formulations include 15-25% of such peroxoacid salts, though the practice is much less widespread in the USA, and the concentrations, when included at all, are usually less than 10%. 

Impurities in CL have also been destroyed by oxidation with ozone22 followed by distillation. Ozonation treatment of waste CL leaves no ionic impurities. However, the most commonly used oxidizing agents are potassium permanganate, perboric acid, perborate, and potassium bromate. Treatment of CL with these oxidizing agents is carried out in a neutral medium at 40-60°C. Strongly alkaline or acidic conditions accelerate the oxidation of CL to form isocyanates. Hie undesirable oxidation reaction is fast above pH 7 because of the reaction with isocyanate to form carbamic acid salts, which shifts the equilibrium to form additional isocyanate. 

This is an alternative method of introducing copper into an o-hydroxyazo dye structure. The azo compound is treated with a copper(II) salt and an oxidant in an aqueous medium at 40-70 °C and pH 4.5-7.0. Sodium peroxide, sodium perborate, hydrogen peroxide or other salts of peroxy acids may be used as oxidants, the function of which is to introduce a second hydroxy group in the o -position [25]. This process is reminiscent of earlier work on Cl Acid Red 14 (5.51 X = H), an o-hydroxyazo dye that will not react with a chromium (III) salt to form a 1 1 complex but will do so by oxidation with an acidified dichromate solution. This oxidation product was later found to be identical with that obtained by conventional reaction of Cl Mordant Black 3 (5.51 X = OH) with a chromium(III) salt [7]. 

The mechanisms of the other methods of Intensification are more in doubt (cf. review by Sheppard el ah, 76). These methods include bathing the photographic material in a solution of silver salt, in a solution of hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate (Vanselow et ah, 77), in a solution of aurous thiocyanate (James et ah, 31) or by fuming the material in the vapor of certain organic acids (Mueller and Bates, 78) or of ammonia. Such treatment may result in an increase in the effective size of the sub-nuclei, or simply in bringing about more favorable conditions for development at the silver/silver halide interface. 

The only significant peroxoborate species present in dilute solution is the [(HOlsBOOHj anion (Fig. 22). Peroxoborate salts, commonly referred to as perborates, can be selectively crystallized from solution as various alkali and... 

Redox titration is used in pharmacopoeia assays of ferrous salts, hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate and benzoyl peroxide by titration with KMn04. In the case of KMn04 titrations the end-point may be detected when the purple colour of the permanganate persists. 

Dissolve 20 g. of borax and 4 g. of sodium hydroxide in the minimum volume of cold water and slowly add the solution to 120 cc. of a 3 per cent solution of hydrogen peroxide (the usual concentration of the reagent). Cool the solution in ice water. After a short time, small difficultly soluble crystals of sodium perborate separate. Filter the crystals and wash them with cold water, then with alcohol and ether. Dry the crystals in the air. The salt is moderately stable when well stoppered but slowly decomposes. 

Borates. A general term for salts of acids based on boron, such as metaboric HB02, perboric HBOs, tetra- or pyroboric H2B407, boric or orthoboric HjBOj and others. Props of various borates are given in Refs 1,3,5,6 7 and their uses in some pyrotechnic compns are listed in Ref 8 Following is the list of some borates". 

The Oxy-Acids of the Halogens Perchlorates and Periodates Chlorates, Bromates, and lodates Chlorites Hypochlorites, Hypobromltes, and Hypolodites—Acids and Salts of Sulphur, Selenium, and Tellurium of Molybdenlum, Tungsten, and Uranium—Perchromates, Persulpbates, Perborates, and Percarbonates. 

Perborate of sodium, NaBOg,4H20, is similarly prepared, or it may be produced by cooling a solution of borax to which some caustic soda and hydrogen peroxide have been added. It, too, is a sparingly soluble salt, possessing bleaching properties. 

Sodium perborate has been for some time in use mixed with soap, borax, alkali, etc., and is sold for laundry work under such names as Persil, Glarax, and Ozonite. It possesses detergent and bleaching properties. Since 1914 the salt NaBOj, 4H20 has been produced by electrolysis, and many recent patents deal with this process. Formerly, the only means available for preparation was that of mixing borax with hydrogen peroxide. 

Several other processes have been developed, however, to accomplish the oxidative decarboxylation of carboxylic acids oxidation by Pb(OAc)4, by iodosobenzene-diacetate, and by Ag(II) salt generated in situ in a catalytic cycle from a variety of peroxides (benzoyl peroxide, percarbonate, perborate) [2] other than the already mentioned peroxydisulfate. Representative examples are shown in Eqs (9)—(12) of Table 2. 

A saturated solution of sodium tetraborate, also containing both carbonate and bicarbonate of sodium, is used as the eleotrolyte. The presenoe of excessive solid borax guarantees that the solution is continuously resaturated with this compound during electrolysis. The eleotrolyte is also saturated with perborate so that this salt, which is formed by anodic oxidation of borax, is separated from the solution immediately after its formation in the form of small crystals. 

The use of other per-acid salts such as percarbonates and perborates has been suggested for a similar purpose, as also has the direct treatment of ammonium persulphate with steam.8... 

Sodium nitroprusside, Na2[Fe(CN)5N0].2H20 Sodium oxalate (Sorensen s salt), (COONa)2 Sodium perborate, NaB03.4H20... 

Soc diD 71 perborate tetrahydrate Perboric acid sodium salt, tetrahydrate (8,9) ... 

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