Sodium perborate oxidation

Rarely used oxidants with potential advantages as chemoselective or regioselective reagents include silylated forms of HOOH and peroxysulfuric acid, and the safe and inexpensive weak oxidant sodium perborate. Benzeneseleninic acid/30% hydrogen peroxide has been reported as a polystyrene-bound version, " as has peroxyarsenic acid. ... 

Detecting the presence of small, even invisible, amounts of blood is routine. Physical characteristics of dried stains give minimal information, however, as dried blood can take on many hues. Many of the chemical tests for the presence of blood rely on the catalytic peroxidase activity of heme (56,57). Minute quantities of blood catalyze oxidation reactions between colorless materials, eg, phenolphthalein, luco malachite green, luminol, etc, to colored or luminescent ones. The oxidant is typically hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate (see Automated instrumentation,hematology). 

Neutralizing Lotion. The principal active ingredient of cold wave neutralizers is usually an oxidizing agent. The most popular is hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1J, employed at a concentration of 1—2% it continues to find widespread use. Aqueous solutions of sodium bromate [7789-38-0] at a concentration of 10—20% occasionally are used and are technically preferred over the peroxide formulations because of excellent stabiUty and absence of hair bleaching. Neutralizing powders appear to be on the decline but formulations stiU in use consist of sodium perborate [7632-04-4] combined with hexametaphosphates to improve solubiUty in hard water. 

In a related reaction, primary aromatic amines have been oxidized to azo compounds by a variety of oxidizing agents, among them Mn02, lead tetraacetate, O2 and a base, barium permanganate, and sodium perborate in acetic acid, tert Butyl hydroperoxide has been used to oxidize certain primary amines to azoxy compounds. 

All classes of primary amine (including primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl as well as aryl) are oxidized to nitro compounds in high yields with dimethyl dioxirane." Other reagents that oxidize various types of primary amines to nitro compounds are dry ozone, various peroxyacids," MeRe03/H202,"" Oxone ," ° tcrt-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of certain molybdenum and vanadium compounds, and sodium perborate." ... 

Many other peroxy compounds can analogously be produced in the region of HAP for instance, sodium perborate Na2(B03)2 (from sodium metaborate NaB02) and peroxycarbonates. These compounds are used as stable oxidizing and bleaching agents. 

The instability of DAST-type brighteners towards chlorine-containing bleaches has been mentioned already. They also show limited stability towards per-acids. As recommended washing temperatures have tended to fall in recent years, a bleach consisting of sodium perborate activated by addition of tetra-acetylethylenediamine (11.63) has become an important component of household detergent formulations. This system is effective at temperatures as low as 40-50 °C. Since the FBA may be sensitive to the activated oxidant, however, in some formulations it is necessary to protect compounds such as 11.60 or 11.61 by encapsulating either the brightener or the activator, if adequate shelf-life is to be maintained. 

Hazards attendant on the use of this powerful oxidant may in many cases be eliminated by substitution with sodium perborate (actually sodium borate hydrogen peroxidate) [1]. One of several wooden boxes of the peroxide (not clearly labelled as such) exploded with great violence dining handling operations. It seems likely that contamination with a combustible material, or possibly with moisture, had occurred [2],... 

Various convenient methods for the oxidation of oximes to nitro compounds have been developed in recent years. Olah has reported a convenient oxidation of oximes to nitro compounds with sodium perborate in glacial acetic acid (Eq. 2.60).122... 

A Simple and Convenient Method for the Oxidation of Organoboranes Using Sodium Perborate Preparation of (+)-Isopinocampheol. 

For analysis in solutions, the most frequently used CL reaction is alkaline oxidation of luminol and lucigenin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, although sodium hypochlorite, sodium perborate, or potassium ferricyanide may also be used. CL reactions involving alkaline oxidation have been used to indicate acid-base, precipitation, redox, or complexometric titration endpoints either by the appearance or the quenching of CL when an excess of titrant is present [114, 134], An example of these mechanisms is shown in Figure 14. 

This is an alternative method of introducing copper into an o-hydroxyazo dye structure. The azo compound is treated with a copper(II) salt and an oxidant in an aqueous medium at 40-70 °C and pH 4.5-7.0. Sodium peroxide, sodium perborate, hydrogen peroxide or other salts of peroxy acids may be used as oxidants, the function of which is to introduce a second hydroxy group in the o -position [25]. This process is reminiscent of earlier work on Cl Acid Red 14 (5.51 X = H), an o-hydroxyazo dye that will not react with a chromium (III) salt to form a 1 1 complex but will do so by oxidation with an acidified dichromate solution. This oxidation product was later found to be identical with that obtained by conventional reaction of Cl Mordant Black 3 (5.51 X = OH) with a chromium(III) salt [7]. 

Sodium perborate oxidation of alcohols by is aided by Aliquat, but also requires the addition of chromium oxide [17]. However, the long reaction times at 60-80°C and the variable yields do not make the procedure particularly attractive. In contrast, direct epoxidation of a,p-unsaturatcd ketones has been conducted with moderate success using sodium perborate catalysed by tetra-n-hexylammonium hydrogen sulphate [18, 19]. 

The oxidation procedure is amenable to a number of modifications. The solvent used may be varied carbon tetrachloride, hexane, toluene and dichloro-methane have all been used successfully, although the latter two are the solvents of choice. The most common oxidant is aqueous hydrogen peroxide, but other oxidants such as t-butyl hydroperoxide [4], sodium perborate (Table 1, Entries 18 and 22) and sodium percarbonate [4] have also been employed. It is interesting to note the effect of a change of oxidant. Using alkaline hydrogen peroxide... 

Peroxyacetic acid generated in situ from sodium perborate and glacial acetic acid has been used for oxime to nitro group conversion. Peroxyimidic acid generated from acetonitrile and hydrogen peroxide has found similar use. An Mo(IV) peroxy complex has been reported for the oxidation of both ketoximes and aldoximes. 

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