Sodium perborate, hydrogen peroxide

This is an alternative method of introducing copper into an o-hydroxyazo dye structure. The azo compound is treated with a copper(II) salt and an oxidant in an aqueous medium at 40-70 °C and pH 4.5-7.0. Sodium peroxide, sodium perborate, hydrogen peroxide or other salts of peroxy acids may be used as oxidants, the function of which is to introduce a second hydroxy group in the o -position [25]. This process is reminiscent of earlier work on Cl Acid Red 14 (5.51 X = H), an o-hydroxyazo dye that will not react with a chromium (III) salt to form a 1 1 complex but will do so by oxidation with an acidified dichromate solution. This oxidation product was later found to be identical with that obtained by conventional reaction of Cl Mordant Black 3 (5.51 X = OH) with a chromium(III) salt [7]. 

Sodium perborate, hydrogen peroxide determination, 652 Soil, analysis of peroxides, 608 Solar radiation, peroxides in river water,... 

Hazards attendant on the use of this powerful oxidant may in many cases be eliminated by substitution with sodium perborate (actually sodium borate hydrogen peroxidate) [1]. One of several wooden boxes of the peroxide (not clearly labelled as such) exploded with great violence dining handling operations. It seems likely that contamination with a combustible material, or possibly with moisture, had occurred [2],... 

Clays and bentonites are used as fillers in adhesives. Sodium bisulfite, hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate serve as bleaches. Solvents are added to help wet water-repellent surfaces. Preservatives prevent microbial growth. De-foamers prevent foam during cooking. Colloid stabilizers such as soaps and sodium chloride are often added. 

Detecting the presence of small, even invisible, amounts of blood is routine. Physical characteristics of dried stains give minimal information, however, as dried blood can take on many hues. Many of the chemical tests for the presence of blood rely on the catalytic peroxidase activity of heme (56,57). Minute quantities of blood catalyze oxidation reactions between colorless materials, eg, phenolphthalein, luco malachite green, luminol, etc, to colored or luminescent ones. The oxidant is typically hydrogen peroxide or sodium perborate (see Automated instrumentation,hematology). 

Neutralizing Lotion. The principal active ingredient of cold wave neutralizers is usually an oxidizing agent. The most popular is hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1J, employed at a concentration of 1—2% it continues to find widespread use. Aqueous solutions of sodium bromate [7789-38-0] at a concentration of 10—20% occasionally are used and are technically preferred over the peroxide formulations because of excellent stabiUty and absence of hair bleaching. Neutralizing powders appear to be on the decline but formulations stiU in use consist of sodium perborate [7632-04-4] combined with hexametaphosphates to improve solubiUty in hard water. 

Precipitate formation can occur upon contact of iajection water ions and counterions ia formation fluids. Soflds initially preseat ia the iajectioa fluid, bacterial corrosioa products, and corrosion products from metal surfaces ia the iajectioa system can all reduce near-weUbore permeability. Injectivity may also be reduced by bacterial slime that can grow on polymer deposits left ia the wellbore and adjacent rock. Strong oxidising agents such as hydrogen peroxide, sodium perborate, and occasionally sodium hypochlorite can be used to remove these bacterial deposits (16—18). 

Perbora.tes, Sodium perborate [7632-04-4] is the most widely used soHd peroxygen compound. Commercially it is available as a tetrahydrate [10486-00-7] and a monohydrate [10322-33-9]. The tetrahydrate is produced by treating a borax solution with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide ... 

R can be a variety of stmctures. Z is a leaving group and typically the conjugate base of a weak acid whose piC can range from 5 to 20 (86). The hydrogen peroxide is typically incorporated into the bath by a dding a soHd source of peroxide such as sodium percarbonate or the mono- or tetrahydrate of sodium perborate (86). 

Industry sources indicate worldwide production of hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate mono- and tetrahydrate, which are used almost exclusively for bleach appHcations, is 1.1 x 10 t per year and 6.4 x 10 t per year, respectively, in 1990. 

Commercial preparation of sodium perborate tetrahydrate is by reaction of a sodium metaborate solution, from sodium hydroxide and borax pentahydrate, and hydrogen peroxide followed by crystallization of tetrahydrate (95). The tnhydrate and monohydrate can be formed by reversible dehydration of the tetrahydrate. 

Sodium perborate tnhydrate, NaBO 3H2O or Na2B2(02)2(0H)4 4H2O, triclinic, contains 11.8 wt % active oxygen (96). It has been claimed to have better thermal stabiUty than the tetrahydrate but has not been used commercially. The tnhydrate can be made by dehydration of the tetrahydrate or by crystallization from a sodium metaborate and hydrogen peroxide solution in the present of tnhydrate seeds. Between 18 and 50°C the tnhydrate is more stable but slower to crystallize than the tetrahydrate. Below 15°C the tnhydrate is spontaneously converted into the tetrahydrate. 

World production expressed as 100% H2O2 approached 1.9 million tonnes in 1994 of which half was in Europe and one-fifth in the USA. The earliest and still the largest industrial use for H2O2 is as a bleach for textiles, paper pulp, straw, leather, oils and fats, etc. Domestic use as a hair bleach and a mild disinfectant has diminished somewhat. Hydrogen peroxide is also extensively used to manufacture chemicals, notably sodium perborate (p. 206) and percarbonate, which are major constituents of most domestic detergents at least in the UK and Europe. Normal formulations include 15-25% of such peroxoacid salts, though the practice is much less widespread in the USA, and the concentrations, when included at all, are usually less than 10%. 

Oxygen bleaches such as sodium carbonate peroxide (also called sodium percarbonate), sodium peroxide, or sodium perborate are made by reacting molecules with hydrogen peroxide. When the result is added to water, the hydrogen peroxide is released. 

Sodium perborate is used in laundry detergents and bleaches. It releases more hydrogen peroxide than borax when it reacts with water. Hydrogen peroxide acts as a bleach, and its action is aided by the alkaline solution that is also produced by the reaction. 

For analysis in solutions, the most frequently used CL reaction is alkaline oxidation of luminol and lucigenin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as oxidant, although sodium hypochlorite, sodium perborate, or potassium ferricyanide may also be used. CL reactions involving alkaline oxidation have been used to indicate acid-base, precipitation, redox, or complexometric titration endpoints either by the appearance or the quenching of CL when an excess of titrant is present [114, 134], An example of these mechanisms is shown in Figure 14. 

The dominant bleaches in Europe and many other regions of the world are of the peroxide variety. The usual sources of hydrogen peroxide are inorganic peroxides and peroxohydrates. The most frequently encountered source is sodium perborate tetrahydrate. Sodium perborate monohydrate and sodium percarbonate have been increasingly used at the expense of sodium perborate tetrahydrate. 

Duplex (2) A process for making sodium perborate from both sodium peroxide and hydrogen peroxide. Developed in the United States from the 1920s and used until the development of the present process, which uses hydrogen peroxide as the only source of the peroxygen. See also Acid. 

Separate peroxygen bleaches, hydrogen peroxide, or its sources like sodium perborate or sodium percarbonate from water to prevent premature reaction, such as by suspending the solids between surfactant lamellae in the structured liquid. 

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