1- Pentanol, 210 Table

Examination of equations 5, 6, and 7 reveals that retention can be controlled by variation of the surfactant micelle concentration, variation of pH (for ionizable species), and by manipulation of the solute-micelle binding constant (K. ) which, in turn can be influenced by additives (salt, alcohol referto data on DDT, Table VI) or the type (charge and hydrophobicity) of micelle-forming surfactant employed (refer to data in Table VII for 1-pentanol). Table VIII summarizes some of the factors that influence retention for surfactant-containing mobile phases and compares the effect of changes in these factors upon the retention behavior observed in both micellar liquid and ion-pair chromatography (81). 

The transfer reactions to the solvent and the initiator have been described for butadiene, isoprene, or vinyl acetate polymerizations using thermally decomposed hydrogen peroxide in methanol or rm-pentanol (Table 3.5)l55). The Mayo-Lewis equation has been applied... 

After some unsuccessful preliminary experiments directly conducted on the ethanolic mother liquors, we turned our attention to higher boiling alcohols such as n-butanol and -pentanol (Table... 

FIGURE 20-4 Electron-impact mass spectra of (a) methylene chloride and (b) 1-pentanol. TABLE 20-3 Natural Abundance of Isotopes of Some Common Elements... 

The described study used displacement chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The displacers used were 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 3-pentanol and 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanol. Table 4.2 shows the detection limits based in a 10 XgmL mixture of all five degradation products. The method has also been applied to complex matrices, such as synthetic urine and river water (Little Miami River, Cincinnati, OH, USA) [34]. 

Commercial primary amyl alcohol is a mixture of 1-pentanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol, iu a ratio of ca 65 to 35 (available from Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company Inc. iu other ratios upon request). Typical physical properties of this amyl alcohol mixture are Hsted iu Table 2 (17). 

Table 8 summarizes domestic consumption by use for amyl alcohols. About 55% of the total 1-pentanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol production is used for zinc diamyldithiophosphate lubrication oil additives (150) as important corrosion inhibitors and antiwear additives. Amyl xanthate salts are useful as frothers in the flotation of metal ores because of their low water solubiUty and miscibility with phenoHcs and natural oils. Potassium amyl xanthate, a collector in flotation of copper, lead, and zinc ores, is no longer produced in the United States, but imports from Germany and Yugoslavia were 910 —1100 t in 1989 (150). 

Fe electrodes with electrochemically polished (cathodically pretreated for 1 hr) and renewed surfaces have been investigated in H20 + KF and H20 + Na2S04 by Rybalka et al.721,m by impedance. A diffuse-layer minimum was observed at E = -0.94 V (SCE) in a dilute solution of Na2S04 (Table 19). In dilute KC1 solutions E,njn was shifted 40 to 60 mV toward more negative potentials. The adsorbability of organic compounds (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, cyclohexanol, diphenylamine) at the Fe electrode was very small, which has been explained in terms of the higher hydro-philicity of Fe compared with Hg and Hg-like metals. 

Later on the crucial role played by the solvent was enlightened in the protease-catalyzed resolution of racemic amines [26]. As shown in Table 1.3, the ratio of the initial rates of acylation of the (S)- and the (Ji)-enantiomers or racemic a-methyl-benzylamine (9) varied from nearly 1 in toluene to 7.7 in 3-methyl-3-pentanol. Similarly, the same authors found a significant solvent effect for the subtilisin-catalyzed transesterification of racemic 1-phenylethanol (10) using vinyl butyrate as acyl donor (Table 1.4 [27]). 

The unreacted ethanol and the diethylether product retained >98% of from the starting 0-ethanol, indicating that no isotope scrambling occurred. Data in Table 4 demonstrate that was retained in the mixed ether and ethanol attack of the acid-activated 2-pentanol via an axial S 2 rear-attack was the predominant synthesis pathway. Evidently, the shape selectivity induced by the 2 M-5 zeolite channel structure (Figure 2) plays an important role in achieving the remarkably higher configuration inversion... 

The fact that the group remains the same during the positional change of the alcohol group is confirmed in two cases out of three and particularly for the C5 alcohol (in line with the indications in the Hass table in this last case). It can thus be safely concluded that 2-pentanol belongs to group 8. 

Finally, mention should be made of the two effects of interaction of the mathematical model whose negative coefficients show minima of flashpoints for the binary butanol/cyclohexanol and butanol/pentanol combinations. Can they be explained by the presence of azeotropes in these substances The tables examined did not list these mixtures and there was no time to do an experimental check with the students. 

Table 3-4. Acylation of 4-methyl-2-pentanol with acetic anhydride to produce the acetate, with the indicated N-substituted imidazoles as catalysts. 1451...

The observed disaepancies in experimental results is most likely caused by the ions of the supporting electrolyte. For example, fluoride ions do not adsorb on the mercury electrode but adsorb on the silver electrode. The adsorption on the latter metal strongly depends on the face orientation.The sequence of AG° values forn-hexanol adsorption from Na2S04 and KCIO4 solutions is AC° [Ag(lll)] > AG° [Ag(lOO)] (see Table 3). However, the sequence of AG°s of n-pentanol adsorption from KF solution is just the opposite [Ag(l 10)] > AG° [Ag(l ll)]. The... 

Comparison of the Av values of diastereomeric complexes with 2-butanols, 2-pentanols, and 2-butylamines indicates that relative extent of electrostatic and dispersive forces depends upon the namre, the bulkyness, and the configuration of M. The A(Ar> ) = ((Ar )ijonjo — (Ai )i,etero) = +13 cm difference between the red shifts of the homochiral and the heterochiral complexes with 2-butanols finds a close analogy with LIF red-shift difference of the corresponding adducts with F/ = (/ )-(+)-2-naphthyl-l-ethanol (A(Ai ) = ((Aji)homo (AF)hetero)= +H cm Table 1). However, while LIF results from the diastereomeric [F/j M] (M = 2-pentanol) complexes are qualitatively similar to those with the other secondary... 

The dehydration of the two alcohols over alumina catalyst in the presence of piperidine was studied by Pillai and Pines [84). The experimental results which are given in Table X indicate that, although carbonium ion mechanism can interpret the products obtained from the tertiary alcohols, another mechanistic path has to prevail in order to account for the formation of the various dehydration products from 3,3-dimethyl-2-pentanol. The mechanism, as proposed above for the dehydration of 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol, would also explain the hydrocarbons formed from the dehydration of 3,3-dimethyl-2-pentanol. 

A variety of nonpolar to moderately polar solvents has been evaluated for their ability to form stable CLAs (Table 15.2) [68]. As can be seen, as the solvent becomes more polar the aphron size increases and it becomes more unstable. Hence, the influence of the surfactant HLB number was evaluated using a moderately polar solvent, -pentanol [68]. This demonstrated that if the HLB number of the surfactant is high enough, then it is possible to formulate stable CLAs. 

Repeat the above procedure on the second SDS solution with octane rather than pentanol and again construct a table of your observations and conclusions. (Note that samples 3-6 in this case are unsuitable for conductivity measurements.)... 

Four primary conclusions can be put forth regarding the data of Table 1. First, a small difference in selectivity is seen for the non-cavitating ultrasound compared to the control experiment (obtained from the inverse of the ratio of lifetimes). For example, the ratio of 2-butanone to 2-butanol products for the stirred without 1-pentanol is 0.74 (equal to 60.7/82.0). Second, comparing these values to the... 

Table III shows that l-octen-3-ol and 2-heptenal were only detected in soya containing bread and that the latter has significant larger peak areas of 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, l-penten-3-ol, hexanal and 2- heptanone compared to the control (p < 0.05). These differences could be caused either by addition of volatile compounds present in soya flour or by its lipoxygenase activity. The main volatile compound found in soya flour was limonene (75), of which the peak areas were similar in the soya flour containing bread and its control sample. Moreover minor volatile compounds of soya flour, like 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol and hexanal, increased steadily in soya samples, as can be seen in Table...

Raw potato possesses little aroma. Approximately 50 compounds have been reported to contribute to raw potato aroma. Raw potatoes have a high content of LOX, which catalyses the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids into volatile degradation products (Scheme 7.2) [187]. These reactions occur as the cells are disrupted, e.g. during peeling or cutting. Freshly cut, raw potatoes contain ( ,Z)-2,4-decadienal, ( ,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, ( )-2-octenal and hexanal, which are all products of LOX-initiated reactions of unsaturated fatty acids [188,189]. It is reported that two compounds represent typical potato aroma in raw potato methional and ( ,Z)-2,6-nonadienal [189]. Other important volatiles in raw potatoes produced via the LOX pathway are l-penten-3-one, heptanal, 2-pen-tyl furan, 1-pentanol and ( , )-2,4-heptadienal [189]. Pyrazines such as 3-iso-propyl-2-methoxypyrazine could be responsible for the earthy aroma of potato [35]. Some of the most important character-impact compounds of raw potatoes are summarised in Table 7.8. Aroma compounds from cooked, fried and baked potatoes have previously been reviewed [35]. 

Table I. Apparent Heats of Aggregation in Micellar Solutions and Mesomorphic Phases in the System Sodium Octanoate—ft-Pentanol—Water (14,15)...

Pentaerythritolmonoallylether Trinitrate. See 2-Allyloxymethy 1-2-hydroxymethyl- 1,3-propanediol Trinitrate A138-R 2,4-Pentanedione. See Acetylacetone A53-L Pentanol. See Amyl Alcohol A394-R Penthrinit A147 (table)... 

Table 8 Binary and ternary diene polymerization catalysts based on lanthanide butanolates, pentanolates, and decanolates...

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