1-Butanol binaries

Finally, mention should be made of the two effects of interaction of the mathematical model whose negative coefficients show minima of flashpoints for the binary butanol/cyclohexanol and butanol/pentanol combinations. Can they be explained by the presence of azeotropes in these substances The tables examined did not list these mixtures and there was no time to do an experimental check with the students. 

Fischer, K. Gmehling, J. P-x and. gamma.inf. data for the different binary butanol-water systems at SO.deg.C J. Chem. Eng. Data 1994,39, 309-315... 

Propylene oxide is a colorless, low hoiling (34.2°C) liquid. Table 1 lists general physical properties Table 2 provides equations for temperature variation on some thermodynamic functions. Vapor—liquid equilibrium data for binary mixtures of propylene oxide and other chemicals of commercial importance ate available. References for binary mixtures include 1,2-propanediol (14), water (7,8,15), 1,2-dichloropropane [78-87-5] (16), 2-propanol [67-63-0] (17), 2-methyl-2-pentene [625-27-4] (18), methyl formate [107-31-3] (19), acetaldehyde [75-07-0] (17), methanol [67-56-1] (20), ptopanal [123-38-6] (16), 1-phenylethanol [60-12-8] (21), and / /f-butanol [75-65-0] (22,23). 

The Class I binary diagram is the simplest case (see Fig. 6a). The P—T diagram consists of a vapor—pressure curve (soHd line) for each pure component, ending at the pure component critical point. The loci of critical points for the binary mixtures (shown by the dashed curve) are continuous from the critical point of component one, C , to the critical point of component two,Cp . Additional binary mixtures that exhibit Class I behavior are CO2—/ -hexane and CO2—benzene. More compHcated behavior exists for other classes, including the appearance of upper critical solution temperature (UCST) lines, two-phase (Hquid—Hquid) immiscihility lines, and even three-phase (Hquid—Hquid—gas) immiscihility lines. More complete discussions are available (1,4,22). Additional simple binary system examples for Class III include CO2—hexadecane and CO2—H2O Class IV, CO2—nitrobenzene Class V, ethane—/ -propanol and Class VI, H2O—/ -butanol. 

An example for a partially known ternary phase diagram is the sodium octane 1 -sulfonate/ 1-decanol/water system [61]. Figure 34 shows the isotropic areas L, and L2 for the water-rich surfactant phase with solubilized alcohol and for the solvent-rich surfactant phase with solubilized water, respectively. Furthermore, the lamellar neat phase D and the anisotropic hexagonal middle phase E are indicated (for systematics, cf. Ref. 62). For the quaternary sodium octane 1-sulfonate (A)/l-butanol (B)/n-tetradecane (0)/water (W) system, the tricritical point which characterizes the transition of three coexisting phases into one liquid phase is at 40.1°C A, 0.042 (mass parts) B, 0.958 (A + B = 56 wt %) O, 0.54 W, 0.46 [63]. For both the binary phase equilibrium dodecane... 

Chapter 17 - Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data are important for designing and modeling of process equipments. Since it is not always possible to carry out experiments at all possible temperatures and pressures, generally thermodynamic models based on equations on state are used for estimation of VLE. In this paper, an alternate tool, i.e. the artificial neural network technique has been applied for estimation of VLE for the binary systems viz. tert-butanol+2-ethyl-l-hexanol and n-butanol+2-ethyl-l-hexanol. The temperature range in which these models are valid is 353.2-458.2K at atmospheric pressure. The average absolute deviation for the temperature output was in range 2-3.3% and for the activity coefficient was less than 0.009%. The results were then compared with experimental data. 

Estimation of Vapor Liquid Equilibrium of Binary Systems Tert-Butanol+2-Ethyl-1-HexanolandN-Butanol+2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol Using Artificial Neural Network... 

The neural network model for the two binary systems viz. tert-butanol+2-ethyl-l-hexanol and n-butanol+2-ethyl-l-hexanol is based on the experimental data reported by Ghanadzadeh et al. [23], The summary of the data is shown in tables 1 and 2. All neural networks take numeric input and produce numeric output. The transformation function of a neuron is typically chosen so that it can accept input in any range, and produce output in a strictly limited range. Although the input can be in any range, there is a saturation effect so that the unit is only sensitive to inputs within a fairly limited range. Numeric values have to be scaled into a range that is appropriate for the network. 

Barton, D.P., Bhetanabotla, V.R., and Campbell, S.W., Binary total pressure measurements for methanol with 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 3-pentanol, 2-methyl-l-butanol, 2-methyl-2-butanol, 3-methyl-l-butanol, and 3-methyl-2-butanol at 313.15 K,/ Chem. Eng. Data, 41(5) 1138-1140, 1996. 

Dejoz, A., Gonzalez-Alfaro, V., Llopis, F.J., Miguel, P.J., and Vazquez, M.I. Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibria of binary mixtures of 1-butanol + chlorobenzene and 2-butanol + chlorobenzene at 20 and 100 kPa,/ Chem. Eng. Data, 42 (2) 374-378, 1997. 

Martinez, S., Garriga, R., Perez, P.. and Gracia. M. Densities and viscosities of binary mixtures of butanenitrile with butanol isomers at several temperatures. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45(6) 1182-1188, 2000a. 

Mussari, L., Postigo, M., Lafuente, C., Royo, F.M., and Urieta, J.S. Viscosity measurements for the binary mixtures of 1,2-dichloroethane or 1,2-dibromoethane with isomeric butanols. J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45(1) 86-91, 2000. 

Extraction of 25 different binary mixtures of racemic acids (2-(4-isobutylphenyl)-propionic acid (1), and cis- and trans-chrysanthemic (2)), and various chiral bases with supercritical carbon dioxide permitted the conclusion that molecular chiral differentiation in a supercritical fluid is more efficient than in conventional solvents. In the majority of cases, however, complete separation could not be achieved. In five cases, remarkable partial resolutions were realized (30-75% ee) and resolution was possible on a preparative scale. The pair ds-chrysanthemic acid and (S)-(-i-)-2-(benzylamino)-1-butanol (3) was studied in detail. Pressure, temperature, and time, as well as the molar ratio of base and acid, had a marked influence on the quantity and quality of the products. Increasing pressure or decreasing temperature resulted in higher ee values. (-)-cw-Chrysanthemic acid in 99% ee was obtained from the raffinate in a single extraction step. Multiple extractions produced the (-i-)-cA-acid in 90% ee (see fig. 6.3) (Simandi et al., 1997). 

One of their interesting observations is that a binary methylene chloride + butanol exhibited a peat resolution with respect to acetyl content at ca. 15 vol.% butanol The developer gave Rf values, 0.9 and 0.25, for samples with acetyl content of 60,5 and 54.1%, respectively. However, this developer ceased to exhibit such a high resolution when the butanol content reached 30 vol.%, and a reversion of acetyl-content dependence of Rf was found instead. The development characteristics were explained by them in a somewhat complicated manner, but this interpretation might be given generally in terms of a demixing effect , which has once been mentioned in Section II. 1. As a conclusion, Kamide et al. recommended binaries of methylene... 

Many papers concerning salt effect on vapor-liquid equilibrium have been published. The systems formed by alcohol-water mixtures saturated with various salts have been the most widely studied, with those based on the ethyl alcohol-water binary being of special interest (1-6,8,10,11). However, other alcohol mixtures have also been studied methanol (10,16,17,20,21,22), 1-propanol (10,12,23,24), 2-propanol (12,23,25,26), butanol (27), phenol (28), and ethylene glycol (29,30). Other binary solvents studied have included acetic acid-water (22), propionic acid-water (31), nitric acid-water (32), acetone-methanol (33), ethanol-benzene (27), pyridine-water (25), and dioxane-water (26). 

The cosolvents chosen for this study were urea (U), acetone (ACT), di-methylsulfoxide (DMSO), p-dioxane (D), piperidine (PD), morpholine (M), terf-butanol (TBA), and to a lesser extent acetamide (ACM). The study of the binary system was also extended to piperazine (PZ) and tetrahydropyran (THP). This choice of cosolvents is sufficiently varied to allow an examination of the various factors which influence the transfer functions. 

Fig. 5 HPLC profile of the Spectralipid SN standard mixture monitored by ELSD after HPLC separation of the phospholipid components on a Nucleosil 100-7 Diol stationary phase. The mobile phase included hexane, 2-propanol, butanol, tetrahydrofuran, iso-octane, and water in a binary gradient. (Reprinted from Ref. 69 with the kind permission of the authors and of Elsevier Science Publishers.)...

As a last example, we consider the binary phase diagram of water and 1-butanol (Figs. 6.16 and 6.17). There is a negative heat of mixing, HE, but a positive excess Gibbs energy of mixing, GE. The infinite dilution activity coefficient of 1-butanol in water is very... 

As a typical example from industrial practice we consider the simulation of a process with the reaction of methylphosphinic acid and butanol to methylphosphinic acid butyl ester and water, which was modeled by Gordana Hofmann-Jovic at InfraServ Knapsack [C28]. Because of the lack of experimental data for the binary systems with phosphorous compounds, COSMO-RS was used for the prediction of the binary activity coefficients. Then the results were fitted by an NRTL equation and the entire process was modeled by a commercial process simulator. The resulting phase diagrams were in close agreement with experimental measurements obtained later (Fig. 8.2). 

Table 8 Binary and ternary diene polymerization catalysts based on lanthanide butanolates, pentanolates, and decanolates...

At atmospheric pressure, the n-butanol-water system exhibits a minimum boiling azeotrope and partial miscibility, and hence a binary heterogeneous azeotrope. Figure 1.8 shows the Tyx and Pyx phase diagrams for l-propanol(l)-water(2) azeotropic mixture obtained from the Aspen Plus simulator using the NRTL activity coefficient model. 

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