Water 1-pentanol, 210 Table

For soap/alcohol combinations — g will depend not only on the soap counter ion but also on the alcohol/soap ratio. Furthermore, when a certain alcohol/soap ratio is exceeded (=2 for the potassium oleate system) S becomes Independent of the water content of the lamellar phase. This condition applies for Inverse structures and the water/pentanol/potassium oleate inverse micellar system will be examined for the structure determining ratio in Table I. 

The function of hydrotropes may vary in different systems. This has been observed in sun-screen microemulsions prepared with water, pentanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and a hydrotrope (13). Three different hydrotropes were tested, i.e. p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), octyldimethyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (ODP) and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-sulfobenzophenone (HMSB). Their effects are presented in Table 18.2. 

Figure 3.10 Liquid-liquid equilibria data for three alcohol-water systems. The immiscibility increases from butanol to pentanol and so does the alcohol-water interfacial tension (see Table 3.2 water-butanol 1.8 mN m water-pentanol 6 mN m ). Reprinted from Kontogeorgis and Folas (2010), with permission from John Wiley Sons...

The described study used displacement chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The displacers used were 2-methyl-3-pentanol, 3-pentanol and 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentanol. Table 4.2 shows the detection limits based in a 10 XgmL mixture of all five degradation products. The method has also been applied to complex matrices, such as synthetic urine and river water (Little Miami River, Cincinnati, OH, USA) [34]. 

Table 8 summarizes domestic consumption by use for amyl alcohols. About 55% of the total 1-pentanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol production is used for zinc diamyldithiophosphate lubrication oil additives (150) as important corrosion inhibitors and antiwear additives. Amyl xanthate salts are useful as frothers in the flotation of metal ores because of their low water solubiUty and miscibility with phenoHcs and natural oils. Potassium amyl xanthate, a collector in flotation of copper, lead, and zinc ores, is no longer produced in the United States, but imports from Germany and Yugoslavia were 910 —1100 t in 1989 (150). 

Table I. Apparent Heats of Aggregation in Micellar Solutions and Mesomorphic Phases in the System Sodium Octanoate—ft-Pentanol—Water (14,15)...

Table 1. Results for the ternary system ethanol/water/l-pentanol (DISTIL).

There are exceptions to this rule grafting one or several methyl groups can render the molecule more compact (more globular ). A good example is provided by aliphatic alcohols. As expected, one observes that the increase in lipophilicity when passing from n-hutanol to ra-pentanol is accompanied by a decrease of the water solubility. However, 2-pentanol, and even more neopentanol, although possessing one methyl more than -butanol, are less lipophilic, which means more soluble in water (Table 19.1). 

Table 19.1 Solubility in water at 20°C of n-butanol (1), isobutanol (2), tert-butanol (3), n-pentanol (4), 2-pentanol (5) and neopentanol 6f...

Figure 7 Partitioning of NaCIO between water and tributylphosphate (TBP), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), 4-methyl-2-pentanol (or methyl isobutyi carbinol, MIBC), or nitromethane (MeN02> at 25°C. Sodium distribution ratios (as log Dn.) were taken from the plots given in [218], which stated that the solvents were preequilibrated with water and subsequently equilibrated with NaCi04 solutions at the indicated initial concentrations (1 1 phase ratio). For purposes of modeling, we estimated the uncertainty in DNa as 10% overall. Solid lines indicate the model calculated by SXLSQl using the constants and data ranges summarized in Table 12. Dashed lines to 9 M represent an extrapolation of the model over the remainder of the experimental range using the same constants.

Figure 2. Influence of the bristle length on the retentions of n-alcohols. Eluent water/methanol 70/30. Samples ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol. Stationary phases as given in TABLE I.

Table 2 Composition and Phase Regions of the Quaternary Systems Consisting of Water, -Undecane, C12-14 Alkyl Polyglycol Ether (Ci2-i4E(5)), and -Pentanol Used in the Model Detergency Tests"...

Alkyl polyglucosides (APGs) do also have the possibility to perform as coupling agents (16). Two different APGs with varying alkyl chain lengths have been evaluated as hydrotropes in a system with water, SDS and pentanol. The hydrotropes are described in Table 18.3. 

Hexane, CgHj, a nonpolar hydrocarbon, has the lowest solubility in water. Both 1-pentanol and 1,4-butanediol are polar compounds due to the presence of —OH groups, and each interacts with water molecules by hydrogen bonding. Because 1,4-butanediol has more sites within its molecules for hydrogen bonding than 1-pentanol, the diol is more soluble in water than is 1-pentanol. The water solubilities of these compounds are given in Table 10.1. 

Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), PEG I and PEG II are purchased from Fluka and used without further purification. The average molecular weights of the two PEG samples are determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) (compare Table 1). The commercially available pentanol (> 99%, Fluka), xylene (> 99%, Roth) and sodium do-decylsulfate (SDS, > 99%, Fluka) are used as obtained. CdCl2 and (NH4)2S are purchased by Merck-VWR, and water is purified with the Modulab PureOne water purification system (Continental). 

Table 1 Magnetic fluid samples on water and pentanol carrier liquids ... 

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