Patinopecten yessoensis

Terao, K., et al., Histopathological studies on experimental marine toxin poisoning - 5. The effects in mice of yessotoxin isolated from Patinopecten yessoensis and of a desulfated derivative, Toxicon, 28, 9, 1095, 1990. 

Yessotoxin (214) is a polyether from the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis and has been implicated in diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). The structure and partial stereochemistry of yessotoxin were deduced from spectral data [219]. The relative stereochemistry of yessotoxin and the structures of two new analogues, 45-hydroxyyessotoxin (215) and 45,46,47-trinoryessotoxin (216) were also established [220]. The absolute stereochemistry of yessotoxin (214) was determined by NMR spectroscopy using a chiral anisotropic reagent [221]. The absolute configuration at C45 in 45-hydroxyyessotoxin (215), isolated from P. yessoensis, was determined by the use of a modified Mosher s method [222]. 

S. Otsuka H. Eguchi, Seasonings Containing Amino Acids, Nucleotides, Inorganic Salts, and Glycogen or Amylopectin with Similar Taste with Adductor Muscle of Scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis). JP Patent Appl. 63,063,362, 1988. 

Karaki, H., Matsuura, Y., Hori, M., Yoshimoto, R., Ozaki, H., andYasumoto, T. 1999. Pectenotoxin-2, anew actin depolymerizing compound isolated from scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. Jpn J Pharmacol 79, 268P. 

Suzuki, T, Igarashi, T, Ichimi, K., Watai, M., Suzuki, M., Ogiso, E., and Yasumoto, T. 2005a. Kinetics of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins, okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-1, pectenotoxin-6 and yessotoxin in scallops Patinopecten yessoensis. 

From the initial discovery of YTX as a bioactive compound accumulated in the Japanese scallop Patinopecten yessoensis (Murata et al. 1987), it had taken another 10 years before P. reticulatum was identified unequivocally as one of the causative organisms of YTXs (Satake et al. 1997a). The authors showed production of YTX in cultured P. reticulatum (3 pg/cell), isolated from a bloom in New Zealand in 1996. 

Suzuki, T, Ota, H., and Yamasaki, M. 1999. Direct evidence of transformation of dinophysistoxin-1 to 7-0-acyl-dinophysis-toxin-1 (dinophysistoxin-3) in the scahop Patinopecten yessoensis. Toxicon 37(1), 187-198. 

Matsutani, T. and Nomura, T. (1987) In vitro effects of serotonin and prostaglandins on release of eggs from the ovary of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 67, 111-118. 

Osada, M. and Nomura, T. (1989) Estrogen effect on the seasonal levels of catecholamines in the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 93C, 349-353. 

A new C3o-sterol, (24Z)-24-propylidenecholest-5-en-3-j8-ol (84) was isolated from the scallop, P. magellanicus [128]. Occelasterol (85), (22 ,24S)-27-nor-24-methyl-cholesta-5,22-dien-3)8-ol, and its 5,6-dihydro analogue, patinosterol, were isolated from the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis [129] (Fig. 11). 

Ogata, T., et al.. The occurrence of Protogonyaulax spp. In Ofunato Bay, in association with the toxifica-tion of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis, Nippon Suisann Gakkaishi, 48, 563, 1982. 

Sekiguchi, K., et al.. Accumulation and depuration kinetics of paralytic shellfish toxins in the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis ied Alexandrium tamarense. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 220, 213, 2001. 

O-acyl-dinophysistoxin-l (dinophysistoxin-3) in the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. Toxicon, 37, 187-198. 

Mytilus edulis, M. galloprovincialis, Perna canaliculus, Pecten novaezelandiae Patinopecten yessoensis... 

The main structural features of yessotoxin (YTX, 1) (Figure 13.1) consist of a ladder-shaped polycyclic ether skeleton, an unsaturated terminal side chain of nine carbons, and two sulfate groups. It was first isolated from scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, that were implicated in a DSP episode in Japan. The planar structure of YTX was elucidated by means of 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, and confirmed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (FAB MS/MS) experiments " the stereochemical details were successively determined by assigning the relative and then the absolute stereochemistry. YTX has subsequently been isolated from shellfish collected along the coasts of several different countries such as Norway, Chile, New Zealand, Italy, suggesting the spread of this toxin worldwide. 

Yessotoxin, a disulfated polyether, was first reported as a contaminant of the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, in Japan in 1987 [1]. Since then, yessotoxin has been identified in shellfish from Norway... 

Hashimoto, S., Suzuki, T., Shirota, Y, Honma, M., Itahashi, Y, Chyounan, T., and Kamiyama, T., Lipophihc toxin prohle associated with diarrhetic sheUhsh poisoning in scallops, Patinopecten yessoensis, coUected in Hokkaido and comparison of the quantitative results between LC/MS and mouse bioassay. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 47, 33, 2006. 

Pectenotoxins (PTX). Cyclic polyether macrolides from the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis. Up to now 8 different P. (PTXl to PTX7 and PTXIO) have been isolated, most of them have been characterized. One ex-... 

C55H82O21S2, Mr 1143.38, [a]p +3° (CHjOH), amorphous solid as disodium salt. Y. and pectenotoxin (PTX, pectenotoxin 1 C47H70O15, Mr 875.06, cryst., [a]0 +17.1°) are isolated as DSP toxins from the digestive glands of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis the factual producer is the dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii that is taken up with food and accumulated in the scallop the toxins cause poisonings in humans. Pectenotoxin is hepatotoxic and induces a rapid necrosis of hepatocytes Its behavior is similar to that of phal-loidin (see phallotoxins) while the structure rather resembles those of the brevetoxins. 

Yessotoxin (YTX) 46, isolated from Patinopecten yessoensis, is a marine polyether toxin (Figure 7.15). The molecular structures of YTX (C55Hg202iS2Na2) consisting of 6/6/6/6/7/6/8/6/6/676 ether rings trans-fused, was determined by MS and NMR. 

In a recent study, we proposed a new method (competitive adsorption method) for the removal of toxic heavy metal ions from acid-sensitive biomaterials, and applied it to the removal of cadmium from the MG of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis [54]. In this method, a competitive adsorbent (IHA) is added to a weakly acidic solution containing MG to lower the cadmium concentration in the liquid phase. The lowering of the cadmium concentration in the liquid phase promotes the release of cadmium ions from MG, and the released cadmium ions are immediately adsorbed by IHA. In this manner the competitive adsorption method enables the simultaneous removal of cadmium from the scallop midgut and from the liquid phase under mild acidic conditions. 

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