Alexandrium tamarense

Kodama, M. Sato, S. Sakamoto, S. Ogata, T. (1996) Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in Alexandrium tamarense, a causative dinoflagellate of paralytic shellfish poisoning. Toxicon, 34, 1101-5. 

John, U., Cemhella, A., Hummert, A., Elbrachter, M., Groben, R. and Medlin, L. 2003. Discrimination of the toxigenic dinofiagellates Alexandrium tamarense and A. ostenfeldii in co-occurring natural populations from Scottish coastal waters. Eur JPhycol 38, 25-40. 

Moestrup, 0., and Hansen, P.J. 1988. On the occurrence of the potentially toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense (=Gonyaulax excavatd) and4. ostenfeldii in Danish and Faroese waters. Ophelia 28,195—213. 

J.I. Carreto, M.O. Carignan, N.G. Montoya (2001). Comparative studies on mycosporine-like amino acids, paralytic shellfish toxins and pigment profiles of the toxic dinoflagellates Alexandrium tamarense, A. catanella and A. minutum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 223,49-60. 

Figure 3. Alignments in the region of the conserved histidines of the three domains of the seven luciferases. PI, Pyrocystis lunula Pn, P. noctiluca Pf, P. fusiformis At, Alexandrium tamarense Aa. A. affine Pr Protoceratium reticulatum.

Several species of dinoflagellate, such as Alexandrium tamarense (Prakash, 1967), Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum (Harada et al., 1982) and Gymnodinium catenatum (Oshima et al., 1993) are known to transmit their toxins to shellfish. 

Sekiguchi, K., et al.. Accumulation and depuration kinetics of paralytic shellfish toxins in the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis ied Alexandrium tamarense. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 220, 213, 2001. 

FIGURE 8.7 HILIC-MC analyses of an Alexandrium tamarense extract containing various PSP toxins. Experiments were carrried out in SRM mode on API-III+ MS. Separations were carried out on a 5 xm Amide-80 column (250 x 2 mm i.d.), isocratically eluted with 65% B with eluent A being water and B acetonitrile-water (95 5), both containing 2 mM ammonium formate and 3.6 mM formic acid (PH 3.5). Column temperature was 20°C and flow rate 0.2 mL/min. (From Dell Aversano, C., Hess, R, and Quilliam, MA., J. Chromatogr. A, 1081, 190, 2005. With permission.)... 

Wu, Y. et al.. Determination of paralytic shellfish toxins in dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense by using isotachophoresis/capillary electrophoresis, J. Sep. Sci., 29, 399, 2006. 

Parkhill, J. P. and Cembella, A. D., Effects of salinity, light and inorganic nitrogen on growth and toxi-genicity of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense from northeastern Canada, J. Plankton Res., 21, 939, 1999. 

Kim, Y.O. et al.. Role of cyst germination in the bloom initiation of Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae) in Masan Bay, Korea, Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 29, 279, 2002. 

Figure 11.10 HILIC-MS/MS analyses (MRM mode) of an extract of (left side) a plankton sample (Alexandrium tamarense) and (right side) of tissue from contaminated mussels (Mytilus edulis), each containing several PSP toxins. HILIC conditions were the same as those used with analytical standards to obtain Figure 11.9. Some SRM chromatograms are plotted with expanded scales as indicated. Reproduced from Dell Aversano, /. Chromatogr. A, 1081, 190 (2005), cop)rtght (2005) with permission from Elsevier.

L. K. (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of selected toxic and non-toxic bacterial strains isolated from the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 24, 251-257. 

A similar observation in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense and the mussels Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus was made after an intense bloom of the dinoflagellate in Nova Scotia, Canada, in Jrme 2000. Four new saxitoxin analogs, M1-M4, were extracted and characterized (Dell Aversano et al, 2008). 

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