Dinophysis fortii

Suzuki, T, Mitsuya, T, Matsubara, H., and Yamasaki, M. 1998. Determination of pectenotoxin-2 after solid-phase extraction from seawater and from the dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii by liquid cbromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry and ultraviolet detection. Evidence of oxidation of pectenotoxin-2 to pectenotoxin-6 in scallops. J ChromatogrA 815, 155-160. 

Yasumoto, T. et ah, Identification of Dinophysis fortii as the causative organism of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in the Tohoku district, Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 46, 1405, 1980. 

Rhodes, L. et al., Yessotoxin production by Gonyaulax spinifera, Harmful Algae, 5, 148, 2006. Draisci, R. et al.. First report of pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2) in algae (Dinophysis fortii) related to seafood poisoning in Europe, Toxicon, 34, 923, 1996. 

Koike, K. et ah. Evidence of phagotrophy in Dinophysis fortii (Dinophysiales, Dinophyceae), a dino-flagellate that causes diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), PhycoL Res., 48, 121, 2000. 

Koike, K. et al.. Mechanism of gamete fusion in Dinophysis fortii (Dinophyceae, Dinophyta) light microscopic and ultrastructural observations, I. PhycoL, 42, 1247, 2006. 

Ishimaru, T. et al.. Cultures of Dinophysis fortii and D. acuminata with the cryptomonad, Plagioselmis sp., in Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Aibara, K. et al., Eds., Japanese Association of Mycotoxicology, 1988. 

Snznki, T. et al., DSP toxin contents in Dinophysis fortii and scallops collected at Mntsn Bay, Japan, J. Appl. Phycol, 8, 509, 1997. 

C55H82O21S2, Mr 1143.38, [a]p +3° (CHjOH), amorphous solid as disodium salt. Y. and pectenotoxin (PTX, pectenotoxin 1 C47H70O15, Mr 875.06, cryst., [a]0 +17.1°) are isolated as DSP toxins from the digestive glands of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis the factual producer is the dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii that is taken up with food and accumulated in the scallop the toxins cause poisonings in humans. Pectenotoxin is hepatotoxic and induces a rapid necrosis of hepatocytes Its behavior is similar to that of phal-loidin (see phallotoxins) while the structure rather resembles those of the brevetoxins. 

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