Patent Number Group

The Patent Index is an alphabetical listing of national and international patent offices using a standardised two-letter code for the country of issue (AD, Andorra, to ZW, Zimbabwe). Within the listing for each country (or group of countries), patents are arranged in ascending patent number order. 

This book is based predominantly on the patent literature and provides how to data regarding the production, purification, and application of commercial enzymes. Coverage is not limited to food applications, and 70 subjects are grouped as Enzymes, Enzymatic Processing, Enzyme Stabilization, Polymer-Enzyme Products, Cell Culture, Protein Analysis, Nucleic Acids etc.. Amino Acids, Peptide Synthesis, and Applications. Indexing includes U.S. patent number, company and patent assignee, inventor, and subject. 

While revising the manual, the German Patent Office also reclassified all German patents and published the revised list of patent numbers belonging to each class, group... 

Patent Number US 6060235 A1 20000509 ANTIVIRAL POLYMERS COMPRISING ACID FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND HYDROPHOBIC GROUPS... 

Fig. 4. Example of international patent classification (stmctured, hierarchical), where numbers ia square brackets identify edition of IPC ia which class was first used. In C07c 45/50, the first four characters iadicate section C (chemistry). Class 07 (organic chemistry), and subclass c (acycHc compounds) the number 45 /00 iadicates the preparation of compounds having carbonyl groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms by any method and 45 /50...

Patent classification codes are another subject-search parameter available in most patent databases. IPC codes are usually present and U.S. codes exist in a number of files in the case of Japan Patent Information Organization (JAPIO), Japanese codes too are available. It is possible to mimic a hand search by limiting operations to references falling within one class or group of classes. Although such strategies can in some instances be justified, it is usually wiser to treat class codes as just one of the various subject parameters that make up a search strategy. 

The bold number shows the position on the patent (poly)methylbenzene where the incoming group will substitute. 

Etherification and esterification of hydroxyl groups produce derivatives, some of which are produced commercially. Derivatives may also be obtained by graft polymerization wherein free radicals, initiated on the starch backbone by ceric ion or irradiation, react with monomers such as vinyl or acrylyl derivatives. A number of such copolymers have been prepared and evaluated in extmsion processing (49). A starch—acrylonitrile graft copolymer has been patented (50) which rapidly absorbs many hundred times its weight in water and has potential appHcations in disposable diapers and medical suppHes. 

A number of patents describe accelerators that will reduce the time required for stabilization (24,27,28). The accelerators are often inherent to the polymer or precursor but may be added to the gas phase during stabilization. For example, it is common to have an acid group present as comonomer such as itaconic acid [97-65-4] or methacrylic acid [79-41-4]. The acid groups provide initiation sites for cyclization. Alternatively, the stabilization atmosphere composition can be modified to accelerate stabilization (29). 

This section deals with the many POSS species that are not simple derivatives of the main compounds described in the sections above. For clarity, these compounds have been divided and listed in tables depending on the structure of the pendant arm. As there are a very large number of compounds of this type and many publications describing applications and properties of these compounds, the discussion has had to be limited to the most important ones. Some of these compounds have been reported only in patent literature and the synthetic and characterization data are included only if specifically described in the patent. This section also describes compounds in which not all eight pendant groups are the same. Many such compounds have been prepared but they are usually formed in complicated mixtures and are often not isolated as pure compounds. This highlights one of the problems in the synthesis of POSS derivatives, that is, the efficient synthesis of compounds in which several different pendant groups are present in well-defined positions. This is an area still in relative infancy but it will be seen below that there are useful syntheses available, especially for TsRyR compounds. 

More recently, the utility of the indole group as a scaffold for cannabinoid agonists has been demonstrated by a number of new patent applications appearing in the literature (286)-(290) [187-190]. Of particular note is compound (286) that is reported to have 18-fold selectivity for the CBi receptor (CBp Ki — 0.08 nM CB2 Ki — 1.44nM). In addition to the indole scaffold, a number of patent applications by AstraZeneca claim indole-like scaffolds such as benzimidazoles (289) [191-193] and azaindoles (290) [194]. Although these compounds bind to both CBi and CB2 receptors, the inventors claim that they may be useful in treating diseases without the associated CNS side effects. 

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