Particulate matter primary sources

The sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere can be primary, directly injected into the atmosphere, or secondary, formed in the atmosphere by gas-to-particle conversion processes (13). The primary sources of fine particles are combustion processes, e.g., power plants and diesel... 

Emissions to the atmosphere from ammonia plants include sulfur dioxide (SOj), nitrogen oxides (NOJ, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (COj), hydrogen sulfide (HjS), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, methane, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia. The two primary sources of pollutants, with typical reported values, in kilograms per ton (kg/t) for the important pollutants, are as follows ... 

Primary organics are emitted to the atmosphere by industrial sources (oil refineries, chemical plants, producers and users of solvents and plasticizers), vehicles (as a result of incomplete fuel combustion, oxygenated degradation products of lubricating oil, polymers from tires), and agricultural activities (use of pesticides). An exhaustive literature survey is beyond the scope of this section, but can be found in Air Quaiity Criteria for Particulate Matter many useful references are also available. 

The relationship of particle size to molecular composition is highly significant. (2). Particles below 1-3 fun (submicron size class) in diameter are considered respirable by animals, in that this material can reach the lower alveoli of the lung. Particle size information may be used to determine the sources of various atmospheric pollutants. Particulate matter formed from gaseous pollutants tends to be found in the less than the 1-3 /nm particle diameter size range. Supermicron sized particles (particles greater than 1- 3 typically originate from primary emission sources, (i.e., stack emissions, vehicles, soil). 

Primary particulate matter (PM) Particles that enter the atmosphere as a direct emission from a stack or an open source. It is comprised of two components Filterable PM (FPM) and Condensable PM (CPM). 

Source Tracers. The principal anthropogenic sources of primary suspended particulate matter in New York City are transportation, fuel, oil combustion for power and space heating, and incineration (, 15). From approximately November through... 

However, without knowledge of the source of the increased OH flux, extrapolation of the concentration-time profiles of both the primary and secondary pollutants observed in such smog chamber studies to real atmospheres becomes less certain. For example, the reactions leading to the unknown precursor(s) to OH may occur only in smog chambers. Extrapolation to ambient air would thus require subtracting out this radical source. On the other hand, the same reactions may occur in ambient air where surfaces are available in the form of particulate matter, buildings, the earth, and so on if this is true, then the rates would be expected to depend on the nature and types of surfaces available and may thus differ quantitatively from the smog chamber observations. 

Tainio M, Tuomisto JT, Pekkanen J, Karvosenoja N, Kupiainen K, Porvari P, Sofiev M, Karppinen A, Kangas L, Kukkonen J (2010) Uncertainty in health risks due to anthropogenic primary fine particulate matter from different source types in Finland. Atmos Environ 44 2125-2132... 

Since Febmary of 2006, the regional forecasting system of FMI covers three major types of sources (Fig. 15.1) anthropogenic emission of sulphur oxides and primary particulate matter PM 2.5 and PM 10, biological sources of birch pollen and... 

Primary particulate matter originated from anthropogenic sources (both fine particulate matter with diameter below 2.5 pm, PM2.5, and the coarse fraction with diameter from 2.5 to 10 pm PM2,5 io)... 

Particulate matter is viewed as unacceptable contamination in parenteral solutions. It is recognized that subvisible particulate matter will exist in certain amounts, but the USP now has limits for acceptable levels of particulate matter for SVIs (no more than 6000 particles per container >0.5 pm no more than 600 particles per container >25 pm). The USP is the only compendium in the world that contains limits for subvisible particulates in SVIs. All worldwide compendia have subvisible particle limits (particles per milliliter) for large-volume injections. SVI solutions with visible particulate matter should not used. Particulate matter creates problems in product quality and clinical safety. The primary sources of particulate matter are the container-closure systems and personnel. 

Copper is emitted into the air naturally from windblown dust, volcanoes, and anthropogenic sources, the largest of which are being primary copper smelters and ore processing facilities. It is associated with particulate matter. The mean concentration of copper in the atmosphere is 5-200 ngm. ... 

Air pollution is a primary source of exposure to a wide variety of toxic chemicals. The air we breathe contains numerous xenobiotics as well increased concentrations of naturally occurring chemicals such as ozone and particulate matter. The dangers posed by these substances are not limited to inhalation. Skin contact, too, is a primary source of exposure and many lipophilic chemicals are readily absorbed from the vapor phase through the skin. These lipophiles have the propensity to carry hydrophiles with them. 

It is a promising perspective to integrate the sediment transport model described in Kuhrts et al. (2004) into the biogeochemical model components of Neumann et al. (2002) to identify the transport paths of organic and inorganic particulate matter from the sources (rivers and primary production in the surface layer) to the deposition areas in the deep basins, where accumulation of new sediment is observed. 

Most of the direct releases of PAHs to the environment are to the atmosphere from both natural and anthropogenic, sources, with emissions from human activities predominating. PAHs in the atmosphere are mostly associated with particulate matter however, the compounds are also found in the gaseous phase (NRC 1983 Yang et al. 1991). The primary natural sources of airborne PAHs are forest fires and volcanoes (Baek et al. 1991 NRC 1983). The residential burning of wood is the largest source of atmospheric PAHs (Peters et al. 1991 Ramdahl et al. 1982) releases are primarily the result of inefficient combustion and uncontrolled emissions (Freeman and Cattell 1990 NRC 1983 Tan et al. 1992). Other important stationary anthropogenic sources include industrial power... 

Air pollutants are also categorized, like the pollution sourees. The two eategories are primary and secondary pollutants. Primary pollutants are the ehemieals that are direetly emitted to the atmosphere from known sources, while secondary pollutants are the speeies that are formed by the chemical reactions of primary pollutants (Wayne, 2000). Primary pollutants include sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), hydroearbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM). One of the most important secondary pollutants is ozone. 

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