Primary particulate matter

Primary particulate matter (PM) Particles that enter the atmosphere as a direct emission from a stack or an open source. It is comprised of two components Filterable PM (FPM) and Condensable PM (CPM). 

Biogenic VOC and NO emissions are calculated on-line based on land use data, simulated surface temperature and radiation. Anthropogenic emissions of primary pollutants, like NOx, SO2, and hydrocarbons, as well as emissions of primary particulate matter have to be supplied either at hourly intervals or as yearly data from gridded emission inventories. Validation studies with MCCM have shown its ability to reproduce observed meteorological quantities and pollutant concentrations for different conditions and regions of the Earth (Forkel and Knoche 2006 Forkel et al. 2004 Grell et al. 1998, 2000 JazcUevich et al. 2003 Kim and Stockwell 2007 Suppan and Skouloudis 2003 Suppan and Schadler 2004 Suppan 2010). 

Since Febmary of 2006, the regional forecasting system of FMI covers three major types of sources (Fig. 15.1) anthropogenic emission of sulphur oxides and primary particulate matter PM 2.5 and PM 10, biological sources of birch pollen and... 

Primary particulate matter originated from anthropogenic sources (both fine particulate matter with diameter below 2.5 pm, PM2.5, and the coarse fraction with diameter from 2.5 to 10 pm PM2,5 io)... 

The sources of particulate matter in the atmosphere can be primary, directly injected into the atmosphere, or secondary, formed in the atmosphere by gas-to-particle conversion processes (13). The primary sources of fine particles are combustion processes, e.g., power plants and diesel... 

Air pollution control systems using wet scrubbers will remove some water-soluble gases, but the removal of particulate matter is the primary concern for a control system. The air pollution control system, therefore, is usually a single device such as a wet scrubber, small-diameter multiple cyclones, fabric filters, or ESPs. The multicyclones are the least expensive system and the ESPs the most expensive. 

Particulate matter emissions are the primary concern with cement manufacture. Fugitive emissions and uncontrolled kiln emissions are shown in Table 30-23. 

Emissions to the atmosphere from ammonia plants include sulfur dioxide (SOj), nitrogen oxides (NOJ, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (COj), hydrogen sulfide (HjS), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, methane, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia. The two primary sources of pollutants, with typical reported values, in kilograms per ton (kg/t) for the important pollutants, are as follows ... 

Ejector A device used to provide a primary airstream into which the contaminated air is entrained for subsequent removal. Used when corrosive products, high temperatures, fan blockage by particulate matter, or fire or explosion risk make a fan unsuitable. 

Primary collector An air-cleaning device that removes the larger particulate matter before a HEPA filter. 

The primary measure of baghouse-system performance is its ability to consistently remove dust and other particulate matter from the dirty-air stream. Pressure drop and collection efficiency determine the effectiveness of these systems. 

Primary copper processing results in air emissions, process wastes, and other solid-phase wastes. Particulate matter and sulfur dioxide are the principal air contaminants emitted by primary copper smelters. Copper and iron oxides are the primary constituents of the particulate matter, but other oxides, such as arsenic, antimony, cadmium, lead, mercury, and zinc, may also be present, with metallic sulfates and sulfuric acid mist. Single-stage electrostatic precipitators are widely used in the primary copper industry to control these particulate emissions. Sulfur oxides contained in the off-gases are collected, filtered, and made into sulfuric acid. 

Primary lead smelters— particulate matter <50 mg/dscm (0.022 gr/dscf) 40 CFR 60, Subpart R EPA 1976b... 

The primary advantage of nuclear energy is that enormous amounts of energy are liberated per unit mass of fuel. Also, the air pollution (oxides of S, N, C and particulate matter) caused by fossil fuel electric power plants is not a problem with nuclear energy plants. In European countries, where fossil fuel reserves are scarce, most of the electricity is generated by nuclear power plants for these reasons. 

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